Faculty of Law

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Terézia Hišemová - Darina Kmecová (eds.)

Reviewed proceedings of scientific papers of Conference of Slovak and Czech law romanists, which take place at May, 10.-11.5.2018, at Faculty of Law, UPJŠ in Košice.

The submitted reviewed proceeding of scientific papers on „The loan or usury? Compulsory enforcement of roman - law basics and problems of application practice.”  is prepared within the solution of the grant project VEGA on: „The loan or usury? Compulsory enforcement of historical - law basics and problems of application practice.”, no. p. 1/0198/17.

The authors of papers are important personalities of Roman law working in the Slovak and Czech Republic, as well as PhD students and young scientists from Slovak and foreign universities who are active in the academic environment as well as in legal practice. The main goal of the editors is to help improve the current legal situation, which is assessed as unsatisfactory, and through a historical excursion of the development of the loan institute and then the forced execution of the decision, to create de lege ferenda proposals considering all areas of research.

The Proceedings trace the interrelationships between the substantive law institute in terms of the Roman law of contractus unilaterales - mutuum in its various types, often realized by the attachment of high interest rates, which bordered on the insurrection and the procedural law of individual lawsuits enforced in the legislative, formular and cognitive process. If there was no possibility to impose certain behaviour on the obligated person (the debtor, the sentenced person), then the declared general obligation to enforce the legal norms was only a legal term. It has always been the case that every internally well-organized state, whether antique or present, has to use power tools - often with the use of gross violence - but within the limits of the law, to promote what it has declared valid law. It must protect creditors on the one hand, but it must also prevent self-help and the use of illegal, unjustified and disproportionate violence.

The loan contract as a real contract has often become an integral part and relatively the most frequent reason leading to the compulsory enforcement, especially when contracting parties often agree on the connection of interest - sometimes within the legal limit, sometimes exceeding the legal framework - and in this way the potential future creditor (the plaintiff) significantly increased the insolvency risk of the debtor (the defendant, the sentenced) and of the subsequent execution. The pronounced and deepening social stratification of the Roman population and the secondary depreciation effort, the cancellation of the debts of the poor part of the population logically culminated in social unrest and revolt against the enforcement of the enforcement law.

The proceedings capture not only the rich scientific discussion of Slovak and Czech legal Romanists, but also the opinions, experience and knowledge of experts on contemporary law dealing with this type of issues. As a result, it provides a unique interdisciplinary view of the subject and raises many stimulus points for future research. This work proves that the problems encountered by the various representatives of the Roman jurisprudence and their legal and theoretical bases and solutions are undoubtedly useful and serve as a guideline also for solving legal issues in the field of modern enforcement proceedings.

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Marcel Dolobáč - Monika Seilerová

The Industrial Revolution cannot be avoided or hidden from, but it is equally wrong to see it only in gray tones. Let us be optimistic. The Information Age can also mean a reduction in working hours, perhaps more time for family and interpersonal relationships, or an overall increase in individual economic luxury. The Information Age will take away many job opportunities but will put many others on the table, though mostly for the educated. Science and research will become even more important for overall economic development than they are today. Let us be prepared.

The ambition of this monograph is not, and cannot be, to provide an exhaustive answer to the above-outlined debates. Its goal is to stimulate broader scientific discussion, particularly on the issue of mental health protection in correlation with the advent of the Information Age. The subject of study is the protection of the individual—the employee—who must adapt to a new technological environment and its associated demands.

The monograph represents a comprehensive output by authors who, over the past two years, have published on similar topics within the APVV-16-0002 grant "Mental Health in the Workplace and Assessment of Employee Health Capability." The authors believe that thanks to this APVV grant, they will continue to build on this topic in the coming years. Most importantly, they hope that its content will engage you, the readers.

Marcel Dolobáč

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Marcel Dolobáč - Monika Seilerová (eds.)

The Proceedings presents papers from international scientific conference The Employees health care held on 6th and 8th June 2018 in High Tatras and is published as a partial outcome of the implementation of the project APVV-16- 0002 - Mental Health in the Workplace and Employee Health Assessment.

Pri hodnotení informačného veku sa ťažko uhýba streľbe fráz. Moderné technológie, internet, smartfóny, komunikačná technológia, či sociálne siete zmenili rytmus života na nepoznanie a svojim dosahom prekvapili aj samotných tvorcov. Možno takéto strohé hodnotenie znie až priveľmi povedome, snáď ako mnohokrát vyslovená fráza, ale je vskutku pravdivé. Rýchlo, obratom, hneď. ASAP. Heslá dnešnej doby. Pracovný život nevynímajúc. Namiesto uľahčenia práce a možnosti zosúladenia pracovného a rodinného života, čo je stále nenaplneným snom modelu flexikurity, moderné technológie prepletajú voľný čas s tým pracovným a nedokážu ich od seba oddeliť. Zamestnávateľ prostredníctvom emailu kladie požiadavky na neustálu online zapojenosť, z jeho pohľadu odpoveď možno zaberie iba pár minút, ale pripravený máme byť takmer vždy. Výsledkom je nezdravý, nadmerný, ba neustály stres. Stres sa stal takým fenoménom nového pracovného sveta, že mladí uchádzači o prácu sa vzájomne predbiehajú v tom, že práve oni vedia pracovať pod stresom, bez obáv zvládajú stresové situácie, dokonca majú stres radi, vyhľadávajú ho a túžia v stresovom prostredí pracovať. Nuž, nevedia, nezvládajú a netúžia ... ak, iba dočasne.

Nové stresové faktory sú predmetom skúmania nielen prírodných vied, najmä medicíny, ale aj humanitných vedných odborov, vrátane psychológie a práva. Autor tohto predhovoru s potešením konštatuje, že viacerí odborníci z týchto tieto zdanlivo vzdialených odborov sa stretli na spoločnej konferencii pod gesciou grantovej úlohy APVV-16-0002 Duševné zdravie na pracovisku a posudzovanie zdravotnej spôsobilosti zamestnanca a vzájomne si vymieňali poznatky a myšlienky. Vzájomná interdisciplinárna interakcia sa stáva základom pre nové poňatie problematiky a inšpiratívne metódy skúmania.

Zborník predstavuje výsledky prednesov prezentovaných na spoločnej konferencii s názvom Starostlivosť o zdravie zamestnancov, ktorá sa konala v dňoch 6. až 8. júna 2018 v Hornom Smokovci, vo Vysokých Tatrách. Veríme, že jeho obsah zaujme a podnieti i vás, čitateľov.

JUDr. Marcel Dolobáč, PhD.

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Ján Klučka et al.

The aim of the current monograph is to provide comprehensive view of the status of regional judicial organs in current conditions of regionalism. Based on selected issues examined in individual chapters research team presents the comprehensive study focused on clarification of the status and significance of regional judicial organs in terms of new regionalism.

Research of the role of regional courts in the system of peaceful settlement of disputes demonstrates the significant role of the regional courts within the promotion of the rule of law, regional integration and also significant role of regional courts to ensure legal certainty within the system of compliance with decisions of regional courts. The result of examination of possibilities of individuals to access to regional judicial organs is comparative evaluation of regional possibilities of individual to defend his/her rights within regional courts of various regions. Particular part of this area is the right to an effective remedy and to a fair trial as basic rights within the proceedings of regional judicial organs. Within the examination of preliminary rulings of international regional courts of different regions the role of regional judicial organs in the process of effective implementation of the principle of the rule of law was the subject of examination.

For the proper functioning of the regional judicial organs as well as independence of judges and legal certainty in International law, the ethical rules of international judicial organs and tribunals, which are the subject of the last chapter, are significant.

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Adrián Popovič a kol.

The possibility of solving the grant project VVGS-2016-284 has provided a unique opportunity for members of the author´s team in the interdisciplinary composition to examine the issue not only from a tax-law point of view, but also from a political point of view. In the presented monograph, the authors focused on the characterization of different aspects of the EU in order to allow the reader correctly understand its position in relation to the outside world and to its inward relations within its Member States in the context of the creation and implementation of the EU tax policy.

Particular attention is paid to the definition of the relationship between national tax legislation and EU law, the impact of the EU's tax policy on the national laws of its Member States, with reference to the identification of the harmonized areas with the approximation of their current stage of development and the final objective. This definition can be seen as a prerequisite for a correct and comprehensive understanding of the application and implementation of EU institutions' initiatives to prevent tax evasion and tax fraud and their implementation into the national legal order of the Slovak Republic. In the last part of the monograph, the authors focused on defining individual EU initiatives to combat tax evasion and tax fraud as a means of implementing its tax policy, in the area of ​​indirect taxation, in particular in the field of value added tax and in the field of direct taxation, especially with regard to corporate taxation, and to evaluate their projection into the national tax legislation of the Slovak Republic. At the same time, in these chapters, they assessed the real impact and effect of the measures admitted on the basis of the initiatives in practice.

The presented work is intended for a university student studying in the field of Tax Law and European Law, as well as the broader legal and economic community. However, in view of the scope and recency of the subject under consideration, the authors believe that the publication will find its application not only in the theoretical field but also in the practical field.

 JUDr. Adrián Popovič

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Žofia Mrázová (ed.)

Proceedings of Contributions from the V. Student Symposium on Commercial Law

The proceedings are the result of student works presented at the fifth annual student symposium organized by the Department of Commercial Law and Economic Law, Faculty of Law, UPJŠ in Košice, which took place on November 30 – December 1, 2017, at the UPJŠ educational and training facility in Danišovce.

This year’s symposium focused on problematic issues related to creditor rights protection in commercial contractual relationships.

The purpose of these annually organized symposia is to provide students with a platform to present their own opinions and improve their analytical and argumentation skills.

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Milena Barinková (ed.)

The complex of legal norms protecting work, ensuring safety and health protection at work, is very broad in scope, extending beyond the Labour Code to include other specific legal regulations, collective agreements, executive legal regulations, and internal corporate normative acts.

Health protection of employees from hazardous workplace influences is a central requirement stemming from fundamental human rights guaranteed by the Constitution of the Slovak Republic. To ensure its universal enforcement across all employers in both private and public sectors, strict regulation through cogent norms is fully justified. The European Commission’s Communication to the European Parliament, Council, European Economic and Social Committee, and Committee of the Regions on the EU Strategic Framework on Health and Safety at Work 2014–2020 (COM(2014) 332 final) addresses the need to account for labor market changes arising from demographic shifts, aging populations, and technological advancements.

Work pace demands are intensifying, and all age categories of employees must adapt to new technologies, organizational changes, and evolving job structures. This increases requirements for maintaining health fitness throughout entire professional careers. Mental health fitness, which receives insufficient specific attention, is an inherent part of health fitness requirements. Prevention plays a critical role in mental health protection.

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Dominika Becková - Adam Giertl (eds.)

Collection of Papers of PhD. students and young researchers

Institute of International Law and European Law offered a place to PhD. students and young researchers to publish scientific outputs of their research. Submited collection of scientific contributions is the result of that initiative. Papers deal with the implementation of international law and law of the EU into the domestic legal system.

Thematically is the collection of contributions divided into several parts, that are dedicated to contributions dealing with the issues of legal theory and international and european law.

Contributions are addressing issues of human rights protection, they aim to the roles of international and supranational judiciary, environment, criminal and public law. Collection of contributions includes also chosen problems of private law and it also dedicates space for contributions focused on foreign investments.

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Jana Žuľová a kol.

The presented publication is intended for employers, managers, and HR professionals who process employees' personal data for various employment-related purposes and need to conduct an audit of their processing in compliance with the GDPR and the new Personal Data Protection Act. The publication will also be useful for new employers who are encountering data protection for the first time and need to establish internal data protection rules, essentially starting from scratch.

The reader has the opportunity to gain a comprehensive understanding of the data protection rules applicable in the employment sector, the obligations of the employer, and the rights of the data subject, i.e., job applicants, employees, and former employees.

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Marcel Dolobáč

The author's ambition is to build on the current and at the same time to stimulate further discussion of the anchoring of labour law in the system of private law sectors and to contribute to the variation of views in relation to freedom of contract and its limits in labour law. The broad contractual freedom of civil law does not apply to the field of labour law, and thus the penetration of standard civil law institutes into labour law relations is not always self-evident.

The above constitutes the main theses of the present monograph. The issue of freedom of contract in labour law can be grasped in several ways. The author has chosen a content structure that is built on three basic pillars. In the first part, the author assesses the position of labour law in the system of law, which is determined primarily by the actual subject of legal regulation - dependent labour and the specific method of legal regulation through cogent and relatively cogent norms. In this context, the author would like to note at the outset that the much-discussed dispositive nature of labour law norms appears to be merely presumptive. Labour law is built on minima and maxima, with relative mandatory norms being the building blocks of fixed boundaries, a fact that distinguishes labour law from other branches of private law. These considerations are followed by the author's view of autonomy of will in labour law. The limits of contractual freedom (not only) in the theoretical sense form the second pillar of the author's ideas.

Finally, the third part of the thesis is to be the one that translates the theoretical-legal considerations of the interconnection of civil law and labour law into the interpretation of selected civil law institutes and the possibility of their application and implementation in labour law relations.

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Jana Žuľová

Proceedings of the Second Annual Student Symposium on Labor Law held on May 12–13, 2017 in Danišovce

The presented proceedings are the result of scientific works by students of the Faculty of Law at Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice and are systematically divided into two parts.

The first part presents interdisciplinary intersections of linguistics and labor law in its creation, interpretation, and application. The second part addresses the issue of targeting the addressees of labor law norms through various sanction mechanisms. The proceedings include a questionnaire compiled by the researchers of a grant project, aimed at determining whether and in which aspects the Labor Code diverges from its addressees in terms of linguistic and stylistic processing. Indeed, there is no other legal norm that is closer to the participants of labor relations, and whose understanding at the highest possible level is justified by its everyday use.

The presented proceedings thus serve as a means of expanding the horizons of our students beyond their regular studies and as a tool for popularizing scientific research. In case of interest, the completed questionnaire can be sent to: jana.zulova (@) upjs.sk.

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Alexander Bröstl

Učebnica Všeobecnej štátovedy predstavuje tradičný obsah predmetu, ako sa rozvinul v európskej kontinentálnej podobe (altematívou štátovedy je dnes na viacerých univerzitách, aj mimo právnických fakúlt, politická veda). Medzi dvanástimi kapitolami  sa okrem viac-menej stabilne prítomných  (1. Jednotlivca spoločnosť; 2. Teórie o príčinách vzniku štátu a o účele štátu; 3. Znaky (prvky)štátu; 8. Politické strany a štát) nachádzajú aj kapitoly, ktoré spravidla nie sú, alebo doteraz neboli predmetom štandardného záujmu (5. Politický spor, zmena ústavy,  revolúcia,  právo  na  odpor;  6. Rozpadnuté  a stroskotané  štáty;  7. Štát a cirkev).Niektoré kapitoly predstavujú návrat k pôvodným štátovedným klasifikáciám (9. Funkcie štátu). V rámci prezentácie historických a aktuálnych otázok týkajúcich sa Formy štátu (najrozsiahlejšia 1O. kapitola)ide o pokus objasnit' nové aspekty problematiky(napríklad, podkapitoly ako Parlamentná opozícia, Ústavné súdnictvo). Záverečná časť učebnice sa venuje Modernému ústavnému štátu: právnemu štátu(12.kapitola)a možno ju považovat' za príspevok k analýze princípov právneho štátu a jeho viacerých teórií. Úmyslom autora bolo tiež prispieť k autentickému výkladu názorov niektorých myslitel'ov  predošlých období, návratom k pôvodným textom ich diel. Všeobecná štátoveda, adresovaná predovšetkým študentom, má za ciel' tvoriť úvod do právnického štúdia ako jeho osvedčená základňa, zdroj i východisko.

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Adam Giertl (ed.)

Proceedings of the Student Symposium on International Law and European Law held on April 28, 2017, at the Faculty of Law of Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice

The Student Symposium is regularly organized by the Institute of International Law and European Law, and in 2017, it marked the jubilee tenth edition of the symposium, which over time expanded its focus to include European law.

The tradition of holding student symposia is also associated with the good practice of preparing proceedings from each event. Understandably, the tenth edition is no exception, and thus, the tenth edition of the symposium proceedings is now available to readers. In previous years, the symposium has always focused on specific areas of international and European law. Thus, the subjects of study for symposium participants have included migration issues (2016), the protection of cultural values (2015), and the challenges of cyberspace (2013).

This year, given that it is the jubilee tenth edition, the symposium organizers have chosen to approach the symposium's focus thematically and recall some significant milestones in the development of international law that occurred in years ending with the number seven.

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Žofia Šuleková (ed.)

Proceedings of the Contributions from the IV. Student Symposium on Corporate Law held on November 24-25, 2016, at the Training Facility of Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Danišovce.

The Department of Commercial Law and Economic Law at the Faculty of Law of Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice organized the fourth edition of the student symposium, this time focusing on corporate law.

The event took place on November 24-25, 2016, at the training facility of Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Danišovce. The aim of the annually organized symposiums is to create a discussion platform for students with the participation of mentors from the department, including teachers, researchers, and doctoral students. This year’s symposium focused on problematic issues related to the legal status of a partner in a commercial company. The topics were assigned to allow students to demonstrate and develop their analytical and argumentative skills while improving their ability to present and formulate their own views and perspectives.

The presented proceedings are the outcome of the students' work from this event.

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Kristián Csach - Ľubica Širicová

Private international law has undergone dramatic changes in recent periods. The fully operational process of communitarization of this legal field has not yet – and perhaps could not have been – effectively reflected by domestic legislators. Under the current legal status, it is not uncommon for legal issues to intertwine regulations of community origin and domestic legislation (embodied primarily by Act No. 97/1963 Coll. on Private International Law and Procedure).

Questions about the obsolescence of some provisions of this, until recently, universal codified regulation of private international law arise mainly (but not exclusively) from the conflict rules contained in the so-called "Rome I" Regulation on the law applicable to contractual obligations, the "Rome II" Regulation on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations, and most recently in Council Regulation (EC) No. 4/2009 of 18 December 2008 on jurisdiction, applicable law, recognition, and enforcement of decisions and cooperation in matters relating to maintenance obligations.

Respecting the principle of the primacy of generally binding acts of the Community over domestic law, the correct application of normative texts cannot be achieved without the ability to quickly navigate through the norms and subsequently compare them.

Students and anyone else are therefore confronted with a multitude of legal regulations of substantial scope and detailed regulation. Currently, apart from systematically arranged references on the websites of the Ministry of Justice, we do not find a comprehensive material that would offer an overview of legal regulations in the field of private international law and procedure.

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Erik Štenpien (ed.)

Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference held on September 27, 2013, at the Faculty of Law of UPJŠ in Košice

The Civil Code is one of the fundamental legal codifications of our time. Paradoxically, in the Slovak Republic, the 1964 Code still applies today, albeit with certain modifications brought by the modern era. Currently, recodification efforts are underway, with the goal of adopting a new Civil Code.

However, it is not possible to build something new without knowledge of the old. It is therefore a positive sign when legal historians and civil law experts come together at a conference to exchange views and insights. The Department of State and Legal History at the Faculty of Law in Košice is in its first year of working on the scientific grant project VEGA: The Historical-Legal Development of the Institute of the Sales Contract and Trends in Its Current Recodification in the Slovak Republic - No. 1/0131/13.

This project was acquired as a historical-legal initiative, but the Department of Civil Law is also participating, as Assoc. Prof. JUDr. K. Kirstová, CSc., is the deputy head of the project. Aware that this represents a completely unique connection between legal history and practice, our department organized the international scientific conference The Sales Contract - History and Present I. on September 27, 2013, which was a planned grant output but ultimately coincided with the 40th anniversary of the Faculty of Law in Košice.

This proceedings volume thus summarizes contributions from the grant project, as well as related presentations. It aims to significantly contribute to the understanding of the history and current recodification efforts of the sales contract institution both domestically and internationally.

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Ľudmila Pošiváková - Adam Giertl

The presented selection of public international law documents aims to map international law from both historical and sectoral perspectives. The reader will find several historical documents in this collection, but the focus is primarily on currently valid legal sources.

The selection is guided by the publication Public International Law – General and Special Part by Prof. Ján Klučko, which is reflected in the division into general and special parts. The general part addresses the historical development of international law but primarily focuses on the protection of individuals and responsibility relationships in international law. The special part then examines the international regulation of various institutions of international law.

We acknowledge that this selection offers room for expansion, but we believe it meets basic requirements and fills a certain gap in the study of international law.

We trust that this collection of public international law materials will be beneficial for students, and not only for them, in the study of public international law and will contribute to raising awareness in this field.

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Ľudmila Pošiváková -  Zuzana Antošová - Milan Kočan (eds.)

Proceedings from the Student Debate held on April 24, 2013, at the Faculty of Law of Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice.

In the current period, the rule of law is widely debated both at the academic and political levels. This debate is not only related to the effort to establish the Rule of Law in states that have transitioned from socialist to democratic systems but also in states experiencing various unrests, whether political or religious.

However, it is not just a debate about certain characteristics of the Rule of Law that are missing in domestic law or at the level of international law, but also a debate about the very definition and meaning of the Rule of Law. The rule of law can be likened to an ideal that almost every state strives to achieve. Even in the case of the establishment of the independent Slovak Republic, the framers decided to include among the introductory provisions, which should form the core of the constitution, that the Slovak Republic is a state governed by the rule of law.

However, to achieve the ideal of the rule of law, it is necessary not only to declare it but also to adopt measures essential for an independent judiciary, democracy, the effective enforcement of human rights, the separation of powers, and many other elements that characterize a state governed by the rule of law.

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Adam Giertl - Ľubica Gregová Širicová (eds.)

Proceedings from the 5th Student Symposium held on April 21-22, 2013

The French delegate to the Commission on Human Rights, while discussing the inclusion of the term "media" in the article on freedom of expression in the draft of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, wisely urged other members of the commission to be forward-looking regarding the information media of the future.

The discussion took place in 1950, when delegates could not yet foresee the impact of the internet on social relations. Given that it is now clear that information technologies significantly influence law, including international law, the organizers of the student symposium decided to dedicate its sixth edition to the theme "Information Society and International Law."

Students of the Faculty of Law, after registering for the symposium, first focused on preparing their contributions, with each participant having access to a consultant if needed. This year, the list of consultants, in addition to members of the Institute of European Law and the Department of International Law, was expanded to include an expert in intellectual property law, Mgr. Martin Husovec, a graduate of our Faculty of Law and currently an IMPRS-CI doctoral student at the Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property and Competition Law. We also take this opportunity to thank him for dedicating his time to the students and providing them with valuable advice in preparing their contributions. After the preparatory phase, the symposium itself took place, with the aim of presenting the prepared contributions and discussing them.

The presented contributions reflected a wide range of intersections between international law and the information society.

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Adam Giertl (ed.)

Proceedings of Scientific Works

International law does not represent a monolithic entity of uniform legal norms. It is a legal system that is fundamentally created by the consensus of states. It reflects the collective will of multiple entities regarding what should be binding and enforceable as law among them.

From this understanding arises the fact that the needs for legal regulation will differ in various parts of the world. The consequence of this situation is the formation of regional groupings where, to some extent, specific legal rules apply. As Professor Klučka points out in his study published in this proceedings, regionalization can occur both on a contractual basis and on an institutional basis. Regionalism in law thus raises many interesting questions that legal science addresses.

This proceedings of scientific papers also aims to contribute to the knowledge in this field.

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Milena Barinková (ed.)

The researchers of the grant task ‘Creation and implementation of labour law with regard to regional aspects of the labour market’ deal in their work with the analysis of employers' attempts for legislative changes in the level of social rights of employees justified by regional differences, the analysis of possible impacts in their implementation, as well as the assessment of their compliance with the protective function of Slovak labour law and the value character of fundamental human rights inherent in the European and legal culture.

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Erik Štenpien (ed.)

Proceedings from the international scientific conference held on September 26-27, 2014 at the Faculty of Law, UPJŠ in Košice

Nowadays, in the modern 21st century, we have a much more complex society than the ancient one. It requires legal regulation of various types of purchase contracts, where although the basic feature remains, it needs to be specified further, and the simple sentence 'I sell, you buy' needs to be supplemented with conditions 'how, where, when, under what conditions?' This is the task of modern civil law. The current recodification of civil law has already taken place in some European countries, and it is currently underway in our country. Therefore, it is important to meet at conferences with colleagues from these countries and exchange knowledge, to discuss their experiences, avoid the bad, and accept or adjust the good according to our conditions.

This proceedings is the output publication from the conference held on September 26-27, 2014 in Košice. It was the second conference with the participation of the most prominent legal Romanists, legal historians, and civilists from home and abroad. The proceedings is the result of unique cooperation among experts from various fields of legal science. I believe that the published outputs will help to understand the institute of purchase contracts from all its aspects and will become an inspiration for both experts and laypeople.

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Alexander Bröstl - Marta Breichová Lapčáková - Martin Štrkolec (eds.)

Collection of scientific papers by doctoral students.

Thematically, the contributions are diverse: they feature fundamental principles in public law (basic principles of criminal proceedings, the principle of contradiction, basic principles of constitutional court proceedings, basic principles in private law and procedural law (superficies solo cedit), the principle of civil court proceedings in deciding labor disputes, equality of participants and the duty to instruct, objection of bias in light of the right to an impartial court, the principle of speed and the principle of economy in the decision-making activities of general courts, basic principles in legal theory and international law (general legal principles recognized by civilized nations), coexistence of the principle of equality and the principle of non-discrimination in the legal order of the European Union, argumentation through the principle of rule of law in the decision-making activities of courts, the impact of fundamental principles on the interpretation of legal norms.

It is important that the authors, i.e., doctoral students from law faculties in the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic, almost unanimously examine these principles in the process of application (interpretation) of law, from the perspective of how legal (primarily judicial) practice deals with them. This should be fundamentally welcomed and appreciated.

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Ján Husár - Kristián Csach (eds.)

The collection contains contributions presented at the international conference held on April 1^st - 3^rd 2014 in Smolenice, organized by Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice in cooperation with the Institute of State and Law of the Slovak Academy of Sciences and the Institute of State and Law of the Czech Academy of Sciences. Authors are high-profile Slovak and Czech scholars in the field of private law and company law, as well as representatives of new generation of young researchers. Contributions focus on contemporary issues in the field of company law, in particular theoretical basis of corporations, groups of companies, doctrine of abuse of rights, reflective loss and new tendencies in corporate law in foreign legal orders. The first part of the contributions presented at the conference have been already published in the special issue of the theoretical magazine Právny Obzor n. 4/2014. 

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Adam Giertl (ed.)

Proceedings from the VII. annual student symposium on international law held on April 11-12, 2014 at the UPJŠ training facility in Danišovce

Despite this, flying and space travel are now a common part of human civilization. What is the role of law in this process? This is the question posed by the organizers of the VII. annual student symposium on international law, aiming to evaluate the contribution of international law in the field of aviation and space flights, especially in light of current developments.

The individual topics were tackled by second, third, and higher-year students of the Faculty of Law at UPJŠ in Košice. The result of their work on the assigned topics, which the authors could consult with members of the Institute of European Law and the Department of International Law, is the presented work.

The proceedings are thematically divided into two parts. The first part acquaints the reader with selected topics related to aviation law, and the second part is dedicated to international space law.

With its focus, the proceedings also have a broader impact, as in some aspects it fits into the broader context of research conducted at the Institute of European Law and the Department of International Law, which focuses on examining the influence of regionalism on general international law and vice versa. This issue is also reflected in the topics of the individual contributions.

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Regina Hučková - Diana Treščáková - Laura Rózenfeldová

Vysokoškolská učebnica Právo informačných a komunikačných technológií je určená študentom vysokých škôl vo všeobecnosti, najmä však študentom Právnickej fakulty, ktorí majú záujem o štúdium práva v spojení s informačnými a komunikačnými technológiami. Učebnica predstavuje zdroj informácií potrebných nielen pre štúdium tejto problematiky, ale aj pre rozšírenie celkového obzoru v danej problematike.

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Jana Žuľová (ed.)

Collection of Scientific Works

Article 35 of the Constitution of the Slovak Republic guarantees everyone the right to freely choose their profession and receive training for it, as well as the right to engage in entrepreneurial or other gainful activity. Everyone has the right to freely decide whether to secure their livelihood through self-employment—with all the associated consequences and risks—or through employment within labor-law relationships by performing dependent work.

The framework and rules for exercising these rights are primarily regulated by labor, commercial, and tax legislation, each with its own set of rights and obligations applicable specifically to entrepreneurs and employees. Constant competitive pressure, along with the effects of economic crises, pushes employers to seek ways to extract the most from workers while optimizing for the lowest possible insurance, administrative, and tax costs. As a result, employment contracts are being terminated, and under the pressure of losing their income, individuals are "voluntarily" shifting to commercial-law relationships.

This situation, along with other distortions in the labor market, confronts those entitled to work with unfair practices by employers, thereby undermining their ability to freely exercise this fundamental right.

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Kristián Csach - Dušan Rostáš (eds.)

Proceedings of the 2nd Student Symposium on Company Law In November 2014

The second annual Student Symposium on Commercial Law—more specifically, on Company Law—was held at the university’s facility in Danišovce. As in the previous year, the aim of the symposium was to provide students with a greater opportunity to articulate their own perspectives on current legal issues and to present the results of their individual work.

The theme of the second symposium focused on the governing bodies of commercial companies, aligning it thematically with the APVV research project being carried out by members of the Department of Commercial and Economic Law at our Faculty of Law. This overarching topic made it possible to assign a range of current legal issues, allowing students to explore problems they are likely to encounter in their future professional practice. The selected topics are not among those unanimously settled by legal doctrine or established case law.

On the contrary, they were deliberately chosen for their complexity and the lack of sufficient domestic literature. As a result, students had to go beyond standard textbook or commentary-based knowledge to thoroughly address their assigned topics.

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Sergej Romža a kolektív

OBSAH:

1 HISTORICKO-PRÁVNE ASPEKTY
2 KOMPARATÍVNE ASPEKTY
3 JURISTICKÉ ASPEKTY
4 KRIMINOLOGICKÉ ASPEKTY
5 PENOLOGICKÉ ASPEKTY
6 VIKTIMOLOGICKÉ ASPEKTY
7 ORGANIZAČNO TECHNICKÉ ASPEKTY

E-book

Ján Klučka a kol.

The presented monograph, “Regionalism and Its Contribution to General International Law,” was prepared at the Institute of European Law and the Department of International Law of the Faculty of Law at Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice as part of a project of the same name (APVV-0823-11) carried out in the years 2011–2015, and represents one of its final publication outputs.

The main reason for choosing this topic was the effort to evaluate regionalism in its various forms in relation to international law, and, conversely, to assess the place, significance, and role of international law in the creation and functioning of different forms of regional groupings. In fact, although regionalism is receiving increasing attention in doctrine, a more comprehensive assessment of its impact on international law and vice versa has so far been lacking.

This monograph attempts to partially fill this gap. Against the background of a brief historical development of regionalism, as well as its substantive and terminological components, the monograph examines in greater detail the individual types of regionalism—such as old and new regionalism, as well as contractual and institutional regionalism—their specific features, and their contribution to general international law.

Attention is also devoted to a specific phenomenon of contemporary regionalism, namely the influence of the European Union on its stabilization and development, both through practical measures and through a set of measures regulated by international treaties.

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Ján Klučka - Ľudmila Elbert

The present monograph "Regionalism and its Contribution to General International Law" was written at the Institute of European Law and Department of International Law, Faculty of Law, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, as a part of the project (APVV-O823-11) carried out in 2011-2015, representing one of its final publication utputs. 

The main reason for choosing the topic was to evaluate regionalism in its various relationships and forms with respect to international law, and also to evaluate the place,importance and duties of international law in respect to the establishment and functioning of various forms of regionalgroups.

It is a fact that even though a lot of attention has been paid to regionalism, a more complex evaluation of the impact it has had on international law, and vice versa, is still lacking. The efforts of the present monograph are to partially eliminate this gap.

After giving a brief insight into how regionalism has developed, its content and terminology, the monograph studies in more details individual types of regionalism in the form of old and new regionalism, as well as treaty and institutional regionalism; its specifications and contributions to the international law.

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Ján Klučka(ed.)

Collection of Papers from the International Scientific Conference Held on May 29–30, 2014 at the Faculty of Law, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice.

In the first half of this year, a scientific conference entitled “10 Years in the EU: Relations, Questions, Issues” was held in Košice, and the contributions from this event constitute the content of the present collection bearing the same name.

The aim of the organizers—namely, the Slovak Association of European Law, the Representation of the European Commission in the Slovak Republic, and the Institute of European Law together with the Department of International Law of the Faculty of Law at Pavol Jozef Šafárik University—was not only (even if loosely) to follow up on the previous 2009 conference “Community Law in Slovakia – Five Years ‘After’”, but, after another five years, to continue its main objective: to provide participants from both the academic and non-academic community with a space for further analysis and exchange of views on legal issues related to the membership of the Slovak Republic in the European Union and various current issues of the Union’s legal order.

From this perspective, a shift in the overall focus of the conference contributions in 2009 and 2014 can be observed. While the contributions from the first conference focused primarily on various aspects of the application of Union law in the Slovak legal system and related application problems, especially before courts and other authorities, the basic orientation of the contributions from the second conference is already different. The present collection also confirms that the contributions focus primarily on current issues of the European legal order and on certain aspects of the Union’s external policy, while the relationship of Union law to the Slovak legal system is no longer given primary attention.

Several contributions focus on areas characterized by a certain overlap or “cohabitation” of Union law with public international law, private international law, or, more broadly, international relations.

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