Ochrana (duševného) zdravia zamestnanca

E-book

Ján Klučka a kol.

Predkladaná monografia „Regionalizmus a jeho prínos pre všeobecné medzinárodné právo“ bola spracovaná na Ústave európskeho práva a oddelení medzinárodného práva Právnickej fakulty UPJŠ v Košiciach v rámci rovnomenného projektu (APVV-0823-11) uskutočneného v rokoch 2011 – 2015 a predstavuje jeden z jeho finálnych publikačných výstupov. Hlavným dôvodom výberu témy bola snaha o hodnotenie regionalizmu v jeho rôznych podobách vo vzťahu k medzinárodnému právu a na druhej strane hodnotenie miesta, významu a úlohy medzinárodného práva na vzniku a fungovaní rôznych foriem regionálnych zoskupení. Je totiž skutočnosťou, že hoci je regionalizmu venovaná čoraz väčšia pozornosť doktríny, komplexnejšie posúdenie jeho vplyvu na medzinárodné právo a vice versa v nej doteraz absentuje. Túto medzeru sa pokúša čiastočne odstrániť predkladaná monografia. Na pozadí stručného historického vývoja regionalizmu, ako aj jeho obsahovej a terminologickej zložky sa v monografii podrobnejšie skúmajú jednotlivé druhy regionalizmu v podobe starého a nového regionalizmu, ako aj zmluvného a inštitucionálneho regionalizmu, ďalej ich osobitosti, ako aj prínos k všeobecnému medzinárodnému právu. Pozornosť sa tiež venuje špecifickému fenoménu súčasného regionalizmu, a to vplyvu Európskej únie na jeho stabilizáciu a rozvoj ako faktickými opatreniami, tak aj sústavou opatrení upravených medzinárodnými zmluvami. Jedná sa o zmluvy uzavierané Európskou úniou na strane jednej s medzinárodnými organizáciami, skupinami štátov či jednotlivými štátmi na strane druhej. V tejto súvislosti sa analyzuje problematika interregionalizmu, resp. zmluvného interregionalizmu v rámci jeho špecifík a prínosu k všeobecnému medzinárodnému právu. Vzhľadom na svoju závažnosť je osobitná kapitola monografie venovaná pôsobeniu a vplyvu koncepcie rule of law v kontexte súčasného regionalizmu pri zohľadnení jej osobitostí v rôznych modeloch regionálnych zoskupení v rôznych častiach sveta. Nasledujúce kapitoly monografie sa venujú kodifikácii medzinárodného práva, ktorú si vynútila nutnosť jednotnej úpravy vzťahov, do ktorých vstupujú regionálne organizácie v súčasnom období, ako aj posúdeniu možného vplyvu pravotvornej činnosti a aplikácie pravidiel medzinárodného práva regionálnymi organizáciami v kontexte tzv. fragmentácie medzinárodného práva. Autori sa domnievajú, že sa im v zásade podarilo identifikovať hlavné styčné oblasti súčasného regionalizmu a medzinárodného práva, ich vzájomný vplyv, ako aj prínos rôznych foriem regionalizmu k všeobecnému medzinárodnému právu. Vzhľadom na to, že v prípade regionalizmu sa jedná o dynamicky sa rozvíjajúci segment súčasných globalizovaných medzinárodných vzťahov, ako aj medzinárodného práva, monografia zachytáva len súčasný stav jeho vzťahov k medzinárodnému právu a analýza ich vzájomných vzťahov v budúcom období sa preto javí nielen ako vhodná, tak aj žiadúca.

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Terézia Hišemová - Darina Kmecová (eds.)

Reviewed proceedings of scientific papers of Conference of Slovak and Czech law romanists, which take place at May, 10.-11.5.2018, at Faculty of Law, UPJŠ in Košice.

The submitted reviewed proceeding of scientific papers on „The loan or usury? Compulsory enforcement of roman - law basics and problems of application practice.”  is prepared within the solution of the grant project VEGA on: „The loan or usury? Compulsory enforcement of historical - law basics and problems of application practice.”, no. p. 1/0198/17.

The authors of papers are important personalities of Roman law working in the Slovak and Czech Republic, as well as PhD students and young scientists from Slovak and foreign universities who are active in the academic environment as well as in legal practice. The main goal of the editors is to help improve the current legal situation, which is assessed as unsatisfactory, and through a historical excursion of the development of the loan institute and then the forced execution of the decision, to create de lege ferenda proposals considering all areas of research.

The Proceedings trace the interrelationships between the substantive law institute in terms of the Roman law of contractus unilaterales - mutuum in its various types, often realized by the attachment of high interest rates, which bordered on the insurrection and the procedural law of individual lawsuits enforced in the legislative, formular and cognitive process. If there was no possibility to impose certain behaviour on the obligated person (the debtor, the sentenced person), then the declared general obligation to enforce the legal norms was only a legal term. It has always been the case that every internally well-organized state, whether antique or present, has to use power tools - often with the use of gross violence - but within the limits of the law, to promote what it has declared valid law. It must protect creditors on the one hand, but it must also prevent self-help and the use of illegal, unjustified and disproportionate violence.

The loan contract as a real contract has often become an integral part and relatively the most frequent reason leading to the compulsory enforcement, especially when contracting parties often agree on the connection of interest - sometimes within the legal limit, sometimes exceeding the legal framework - and in this way the potential future creditor (the plaintiff) significantly increased the insolvency risk of the debtor (the defendant, the sentenced) and of the subsequent execution. The pronounced and deepening social stratification of the Roman population and the secondary depreciation effort, the cancellation of the debts of the poor part of the population logically culminated in social unrest and revolt against the enforcement of the enforcement law.

The proceedings capture not only the rich scientific discussion of Slovak and Czech legal Romanists, but also the opinions, experience and knowledge of experts on contemporary law dealing with this type of issues. As a result, it provides a unique interdisciplinary view of the subject and raises many stimulus points for future research. This work proves that the problems encountered by the various representatives of the Roman jurisprudence and their legal and theoretical bases and solutions are undoubtedly useful and serve as a guideline also for solving legal issues in the field of modern enforcement proceedings.

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Žofia Mrázová -  Natália Kalinák (eds.)

The Department of Commercial Law and Economic Law in cooperation with the Department of Labour Law and Social Security Law and the Department of International Law and European Law of the Faculty of Law of the University of Applied Sciences in Košice organized the IXth annual student symposium, this time on commercial, labour and private international law. The student symposium under the title Decision-making practice of judicial authorities in private law took place on 29 November 2024 at the premises of the Faculty of Law of UPJŠ in Košice. The symposium was prepared within the framework of the scientific projects APVV-23-0331 “Integration of the Capital Markets Union: change of corporate financing and rescue of companies in financial difficulties” and APVV-21-0336 “Analysis of judicial decisions by artificial intelligence methods.”

This year was exceptional in that the organizers of the event decided to change the usual concept of preparing and presenting a professional article on a chosen topic. This time the students chose interesting decisions of the Supreme Court, the Constitutional Court or the Court of Justice of the European Union. They concentrated on working with one particular decision, which they analysed in detail and drafted a gloss - an expert explanation or commentary on the chosen decision. Their task consisted of a brief presentation of the facts, identification of the legal questions that the judicial authorities sought to answer, a legal analysis of the problem addressed, and an assessment of the significance of the decision for the practice of application. In their analyses, the students dealt with topical issues such as the joint action of a proxy and a member of the body, the consequences of a breach of the pre-emptive right, or the repugnancy of an agreement on the division of the community of property of the spouses. In employment law, decisions were presented concerning the right of the father of a child to a breastfeeding break or the wearing of symbols at work. In the section on private international law, the case law on cross-border relocation of the seat as well as on the choice of international jurisdiction of the courts was analysed.

The present proceedings consist of written outputs of students from this event. We are delighted that the students again this year approached their task with enthusiasm and conscientiousness. Finally, our sincere thanks go to all those who contributed to the success of the symposium.

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Adrián Popovič  - Jozef Sábo

Reviewed proceedings from the student symposium organized on the occasion of IV. Slovak-Czech days of tax law.

The International Scientific Conference IV. Slovak-Czech days of tax law was held 16th - 18th June 2021 in Košice (Faculty of Law of Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice). On this occasion, a student symposium on the topic: "Current Challenges of Tax Law" was organized for students of the Pavol Jozef Šafárik University Faculty of Law in Košice on 15th June 2021. The focus of the symposium was chosen due to the content of the grant project APVV-19-0124 entitled "Tax law and new phenomena in the economy (digital services, shared economy, virtual currencies)", which is currently being addressed at the Department of Financial Law, Tax Law and Economy, Faculty of Law, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice. The output of this symposium is a reviewed proceeding of papers, in which students focus on examining the current challenges of tax law. In this context, students examine not only the current challenges in the field of real estate tax and the introduction of taxation based on their market value of real estate, the decision-making of the Court of Justice of the European Union in the field of direct taxation and indirect taxation, but also new and extremely current taxation issues of cryptoactive (virtual currency) taxation, not only in the Slovak Republic but also in the world. The authors also assess in detail the current situation in the research area, and they also present de lege ferenda proposals that could contribute to the development and improvement of several aspects of taxation, which is a benefit not only for legal science but also for application practice.

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Dominika Kováčová- Lucia Pištejová- Ivan Vaňa

The present monograph deals with the post-war settlement of relations and peace negotiations related to the settlement of the borders of the newly established Czechoslovak Republic. The work discusses in detail the negotiation processes related to the preparation and signing of the Versailles and Saint-Germain Peace Treaties. Similarly, it then discusses in detail the peripeties related to the drafting of the Treaty of Trianon dealing with the border with Hungary and its subsequent delineation in the field. Last but not least, the thesis captures the settling of Czechoslovakia's international relations with Poland and their common border, with a particular focus on the arbitration settlement on the territory of Orava and Spiš.

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Erik Štenpien, Lucia Pištejová, Ivan Svatuška

The presented publication is the proceedings of the international conference held on 29.-30. September 2022 in Košice as an output of the grant project APVV-19-0419. The ambition of the project is to try to reconcile legal and general historians from Slovakia and Hungary in the difficult topic of looking at the Treaty of Trianon from 1920. The conference, held on 29.-30. September 2022 was the third in a series of conferences that for the purpose of assisting in the achievement of said goal. It was attended by legal historians and positive lawyers from several Central European countries. So let the collection serve as another step towards understanding between nations.

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Dominika Marčoková Becková (ed.)

Proceedings of Papers of XVIth year of the student symposium of the Institute of International Law and European Law is devoted to selected aspects of the place and role of criminal law from the point of view of contemporary EU law and international law. In their contributions, students deal with current topics of criminal law in the law of the European Union and international law. In the EU law, the most actual issue is the European Public Prosecutor's Office, a body of the EU responsible for investigateing and prosecuting criminal offenses affecting the Union's financial interests. The first part of papers dealt with the reasons for the establishment of the European Public Prosecutor's Office, its structure and tasks, the issue of conducting the investigation of the European Public Prosecutor's Office in the conditions of the Slovak Republic, as well as with the relations of the European Public Prosecutor's Office with its closest partner, the European Anti-Fraud Office. The second part of the contributions reflects current issues and challenges of criminal law in international law. Authors in their papers focused on the issue of the International Criminal Tribunal for Ukraine, the legal problems and challenges associated with its creation, on the issue of the crime of aggression before the International Criminal Court, as well as on issues of immunity of state representatives before national courts.

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Dominika Cukerová - Andrej Oriňak - Kateřina Hrabánková (eds.)

The proceedings offers contributions from the international scientific conference of doctoral students and young researchers held on 25 April 2024 at the Faculty of Law, UPJŠ in Košice, which was thematically oriented on Innovative Law and Innovations in Law. The authors of the papers confirmed that innovation in law can take many forms. The first part of the papers, which pays attention to how law can respond to innovations, is a manifestation of this. These are the papers by Jana Cihanová, Andrej Oriňák, Denisa Rudžiková and Matej Biroš, who presented the use of deepfake technology, artificial intelligence and software tools in legal practice in the context of their legal regulation. Looking at familiar things differently can also be a source of innovation. In this vein, Dominik Mizerski, Juraj Valentovič, Lucián Török and Kateřina Hrabánková presented interpretive and application innovations in the field of private law. The third part of the papers by Michaela Szittyaiová, Natália Priateľová, Filip Baláži, Elena Lazoríková and Laura Gazdagová offers a preview of the innovations that the public law section is facing today. Finally, the fourth and last group of papers specifically explains innovations against the background of criminal law regulation. These are contributions by Michal Novák, Miroslav Srholec, Vladimír Petrila and Martina Makaturová. The variety of topics covered in this proceedings shows that each area of legal regulation can be characterised by specific innovations and, in this context, by the dynamics with which they permeate legal regulation.

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Katarína Skolodová - Monika Minčičová (eds.)

Proceedings of the 5th Year of the Student Symposium of Labour Law

New trends in the digital age around the world do not avoid the labour market and the labour law relations. Do labour law standards and employers' practices correspond to the actual factors that influence an individual's physical or mental condition? Does digitization, including artificial intelligence, bring improvements or threats? Is the protection of employees' mental health paid equal attention that to the protection of physical health? The Department of Labour Law and Social Security Law of the Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice examines and analyzes legal aspects of new risks that threaten and affect individual health in the work environment within the researching of the project APVV-16-0002 - Mental Health in the Workplace and Employee Health Assessment.

The members of the department, with the theme of the 5th year of the student symposium "New Challenges of Employees´ Health Protection" created an opportunity for students to search deeper current legal issues and reflect the results of their creative work in the submitted papers. The proceedings of papers of the student symposium is rich in content and offers the reader the space to get acquainted with interesting questions and application problems accompanying them.

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Erik Štenpien (ed.)

Zborník príspevkov z medzinárodnej vedeckej konferencie konanej dňa 26. – 27. septembra 2014 na Právnickej fakulte UPJŠ v Košiciach

V súčasnosti, v modernom 21. storočí však už máme omnoho zložitejšiu spoločnosť, akou bola tá staroveká. Vyžaduje si právnu úpravu rôznych typov kúpnej zmluvy, kde síce zen základný znak platí, je ho však potrebné bližšie špecifikovať a prostú vetu "ja predám, ty kúpiš" je potrebné doplniť aj o podmienky "ako, kde, kedy, za akých podmienok?" To všetko je úlohou moderného občianskeho práva. Súčasná rekodifikácia občianskeho práva v niektorých európskych krajinách už prebehla, u nás práve prebieha. Je preto dôležité vedieť sa stretnúť na konferenciách s kolegami z týchto krajín a vymeniť si poznatky, aby sme diskutovali o ich skúsenostiach, zlého sa vyvarovali a dobré akceptovali, či upravili podľa našich podmienok.
Tento zborník je výstupnou publikáciu z konferencie, ktorá sa konala v dňoch 26. a 27. septembra 2014 v Košiciach. Bola to už druhá konferencia s účasťou najvýznamnejších právnych romanistov, právnych historikov i civilistov z domova i zo zahraničia. Zborník je výsledkom unikátnej spolupráce odborníkov z viacerých oblastí právnej vedy. Verím, že publikované výstupy pomôžu spoznať inštitút kúpnej zmluvy zo všetkých jeho stránok a stanú sa inšpiráciou pre odborníkov i laikov.

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Kristián Csach - Dušan Rostáš (eds.)

Zborník z II. študentského sympózia z práva obchodných spoločností

V novembri 2014 sa v univerzitnom účelovom zariadení v Danišovciach uskutočnil už druhý ročník študentského sympózia z obchodného práva, presnejšie z práva obchodných spoločností. Aj v tomto roku ostalo cieľom študentského sympózia vytvoriť väčší priestor formulovať vlastný pohľad na určitú aktuálnu právnu problematiku a prezentovať výsledky vlastnej práce.
Témou druhého sympózia boli orgány obchodných spoločností, čím sa aj toto sympózium tematicky priblížilo projektu APVV riešeného jednotlivými členmi Katedry obchodného práva a hospodárskeho práva na našej Právnickej fakulte.
Strešná problematika umožnila zadať viaceré aktuálne témy a študenti tak mohli spracovať problémy, s ktorými sa pravdepodobne budú boriť aj v budúcej praxi. Zvolené témy nepatria medzi témy jednohlasne vnímané právnou doktrínou, resp. ustálenou judikatúrou. Práve naopak, zámerne boli zvolené témy, o ktorých niet mnoho tuzemských literárnych zdrojov. Na spracovanie jednotlivých tém tak nepostačovali bežné učebnicové či komentárové znalosti.
Zapojení členovia katedry, tak z radov učiteľov, ako aj doktorandov, pôsobili aj v tomto roku skôr ako kontaktné osoby, než ako konzultanti či vedúci prá-ce študentov. Primárnym účelom sympózii na fakulte je umožniť študentom prejavujúcim záujem o obchodné právo rozvinúť analytické či argumentačné schopnosti ale aj prejavenie osobnosti študenta. Chceme, aby poslucháči rozvíjali nielen odborné znalosti, ale aj osobné schopnosti, tzv. soft skills, umenie prezentovať vlastný názor a presvedčivo argumentovať. Výsledky práce študentov môžete vidieť v tomto zborníku.
Nám ostáva dúfať, že aj iní poslucháči budú mať záujem prehĺbiť svoje poznatky a prezentovať výsledky vlastnej práce na nasledujúcich sympóziách. Veríme, že školské kurikulum sa už nadlho podarilo rozšíriť o ďalšie fakultatívne podujatie.
Záverom ostáva aj v tento rok poďakovať Mgr. Dušanovi Rostášovi za veľký kus práce odvedenej pri záverečnej redakcii a typografických úpravách zborníka.

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Usporiadatelia

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Jana Žuľová a kol.

The presented publication is intended for employers, managers, and HR professionals who process employees' personal data for various employment-related purposes and need to conduct an audit of their processing in compliance with the GDPR and the new Personal Data Protection Act. The publication will also be useful for new employers who are encountering data protection for the first time and need to establish internal data protection rules, essentially starting from scratch.

The reader has the opportunity to gain a comprehensive understanding of the data protection rules applicable in the employment sector, the obligations of the employer, and the rights of the data subject, i.e., job applicants, employees, and former employees.

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Valéria Ružičková (ed.)

Proceedings of the XIVth Student Symposium on International Law and European Law.

For the XIV Year of Student Symposium on International Law and European Law under the topic „Artificial Intelligence from the Perspective of Law“, students of the Faculty of Law and the Faculty of Science prepared several papers regarding current questions related to the ongoing development of the artificial intelligence. From the legal point of view, the papers regard the importance of the artificial intelligence in human activities in space, its impact on fundamental rights, development of new human rights in relation to its application in healthcare and nursing care as well as personal data protection while making use of the artificial intelligence.

Apart from the papers concerning the artificial intelligence from the legal perspective, two of the papers regard the artificial intelligence from the scientific perspective, explaining the importance of the artificial intelligence in localization in indoor environment as well as its importance in prediction of healthcare costs.

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Ján Klučka - Ľudmila Elbert

The present monograph "Regionalism and its Contribution to General International Law" was written at the Institute of European Law and Department of International Law, Faculty of Law, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, as a part of the project (APVV-O823-11) carried out in 2011-2015, representing one of its final publication utputs. 

The main reason for choosing the topic was to evaluate regionalism in its various relationships and forms with respect to international law, and also to evaluate the place,importance and duties of international law in respect to the establishment and functioning of various forms of regionalgroups.

It is a fact that even though a lot of attention has been paid to regionalism, a more complex evaluation of the impact it has had on international law, and vice versa, is still lacking. The efforts of the present monograph are to partially eliminate this gap.

After giving a brief insight into how regionalism has developed, its content and terminology, the monograph studies in more details individual types of regionalism in the form of old and new regionalism, as well as treaty and institutional regionalism; its specifications and contributions to the international law.

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Alexander Bröstl - Marta Breichová Lapčáková - Martin Štrkolec (eds.)

Zborník vedeckých prác doktorandov.

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Dominika Becková (ed.)

This Liber Amicorum presents a collection of contributions in Honour of Professor Ján Klučka. This Liber Amicorum was written by his colleagues from universities, collaborators from the judiciary, former colleagues from the Constitutional Court of the Slovak republic and the Court of Justice of the European Union, current colleagues from the Faculty of Law and his former PhD. students. Their contributions elaborate the knowledge their gained from the work they conducted together with Professor Ján Klučka and are interspersed with references to memories associated with Professor Ján Klučka.

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Ján Klučka a kol.

Predkladaná monografia „Regionalizmus a jeho prínos pre všeobecné medzinárodné právo“ bola spracovaná na Ústave európskeho práva a oddelení medzinárodného práva Právnickej fakulty UPJŠ v Košiciach v rámci rovnomenného projektu (APVV-0823-11) uskutočneného v rokoch 2011 – 2015 a predstavuje jeden z jeho finálnych publikačných výstupov. Hlavným dôvodom výberu témy bola snaha o hodnotenie regionalizmu v jeho rôznych podobách vo vzťahu k medzinárodnému právu a na druhej strane hodnotenie miesta, významu a úlohy medzinárodného práva na vzniku a fungovaní rôznych foriem regionálnych zoskupení. Je totiž skutočnosťou, že hoci je regionalizmu venovaná čoraz väčšia pozornosť doktríny, komplexnejšie posúdenie jeho vplyvu na medzinárodné právo a vice versa v nej doteraz absentuje. Túto medzeru sa pokúša čiastočne odstrániť predkladaná monografia. Na pozadí stručného historického vývoja regionalizmu, ako aj jeho obsahovej a terminologickej zložky sa v monografii podrobnejšie skúmajú jednotlivé druhy regionalizmu v podobe starého a nového regionalizmu, ako aj zmluvného a inštitucionálneho regionalizmu, ďalej ich osobitosti, ako aj prínos k všeobecnému medzinárodnému právu. Pozornosť sa tiež venuje špecifickému fenoménu súčasného regionalizmu, a to vplyvu Európskej únie na jeho stabilizáciu a rozvoj ako faktickými opatreniami, tak aj sústavou opatrení upravených medzinárodnými zmluvami. Jedná sa o zmluvy uzavierané Európskou úniou na strane jednej s medzinárodnými organizáciami, skupinami štátov či jednotlivými štátmi na strane druhej. V tejto súvislosti sa analyzuje problematika interregionalizmu, resp. zmluvného interregionalizmu v rámci jeho špecifík a prínosu k všeobecnému medzinárodnému právu. Vzhľadom na svoju závažnosť je osobitná kapitola monografie venovaná pôsobeniu a vplyvu koncepcie rule of law v kontexte súčasného regionalizmu pri zohľadnení jej osobitostí v rôznych modeloch regionálnych zoskupení v rôznych častiach sveta. Nasledujúce kapitoly monografie sa venujú kodifikácii medzinárodného práva, ktorú si vynútila nutnosť jednotnej úpravy vzťahov, do ktorých vstupujú regionálne organizácie v súčasnom období, ako aj posúdeniu možného vplyvu pravotvornej činnosti a aplikácie pravidiel medzinárodného práva regionálnymi organizáciami v kontexte tzv. fragmentácie medzinárodného práva. Autori sa domnievajú, že sa im v zásade podarilo identifikovať hlavné styčné oblasti súčasného regionalizmu a medzinárodného práva, ich vzájomný vplyv, ako aj prínos rôznych foriem regionalizmu k všeobecnému medzinárodnému právu. Vzhľadom na to, že v prípade regionalizmu sa jedná o dynamicky sa rozvíjajúci segment súčasných globalizovaných medzinárodných vzťahov, ako aj medzinárodného práva, monografia zachytáva len súčasný stav jeho vzťahov k medzinárodnému právu a analýza ich vzájomných vzťahov v budúcom období sa preto javí nielen ako vhodná, tak aj žiadúca.

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Terézia Hišemová - Darina Kmecová (eds.)

Reviewed proceedings of scientific papers of Conference of Slovak and Czech law romanists, which take place at May, 10.-11.5.2018, at Faculty of Law, UPJŠ in Košice.

The submitted reviewed proceeding of scientific papers on „The loan or usury? Compulsory enforcement of roman - law basics and problems of application practice.”  is prepared within the solution of the grant project VEGA on: „The loan or usury? Compulsory enforcement of historical - law basics and problems of application practice.”, no. p. 1/0198/17.

The authors of papers are important personalities of Roman law working in the Slovak and Czech Republic, as well as PhD students and young scientists from Slovak and foreign universities who are active in the academic environment as well as in legal practice. The main goal of the editors is to help improve the current legal situation, which is assessed as unsatisfactory, and through a historical excursion of the development of the loan institute and then the forced execution of the decision, to create de lege ferenda proposals considering all areas of research.

The Proceedings trace the interrelationships between the substantive law institute in terms of the Roman law of contractus unilaterales - mutuum in its various types, often realized by the attachment of high interest rates, which bordered on the insurrection and the procedural law of individual lawsuits enforced in the legislative, formular and cognitive process. If there was no possibility to impose certain behaviour on the obligated person (the debtor, the sentenced person), then the declared general obligation to enforce the legal norms was only a legal term. It has always been the case that every internally well-organized state, whether antique or present, has to use power tools - often with the use of gross violence - but within the limits of the law, to promote what it has declared valid law. It must protect creditors on the one hand, but it must also prevent self-help and the use of illegal, unjustified and disproportionate violence.

The loan contract as a real contract has often become an integral part and relatively the most frequent reason leading to the compulsory enforcement, especially when contracting parties often agree on the connection of interest - sometimes within the legal limit, sometimes exceeding the legal framework - and in this way the potential future creditor (the plaintiff) significantly increased the insolvency risk of the debtor (the defendant, the sentenced) and of the subsequent execution. The pronounced and deepening social stratification of the Roman population and the secondary depreciation effort, the cancellation of the debts of the poor part of the population logically culminated in social unrest and revolt against the enforcement of the enforcement law.

The proceedings capture not only the rich scientific discussion of Slovak and Czech legal Romanists, but also the opinions, experience and knowledge of experts on contemporary law dealing with this type of issues. As a result, it provides a unique interdisciplinary view of the subject and raises many stimulus points for future research. This work proves that the problems encountered by the various representatives of the Roman jurisprudence and their legal and theoretical bases and solutions are undoubtedly useful and serve as a guideline also for solving legal issues in the field of modern enforcement proceedings.

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Žofia Mrázová -  Natália Kalinák (eds.)

The Department of Commercial Law and Economic Law in cooperation with the Department of Labour Law and Social Security Law and the Department of International Law and European Law of the Faculty of Law of the University of Applied Sciences in Košice organized the IXth annual student symposium, this time on commercial, labour and private international law. The student symposium under the title Decision-making practice of judicial authorities in private law took place on 29 November 2024 at the premises of the Faculty of Law of UPJŠ in Košice. The symposium was prepared within the framework of the scientific projects APVV-23-0331 “Integration of the Capital Markets Union: change of corporate financing and rescue of companies in financial difficulties” and APVV-21-0336 “Analysis of judicial decisions by artificial intelligence methods.”

This year was exceptional in that the organizers of the event decided to change the usual concept of preparing and presenting a professional article on a chosen topic. This time the students chose interesting decisions of the Supreme Court, the Constitutional Court or the Court of Justice of the European Union. They concentrated on working with one particular decision, which they analysed in detail and drafted a gloss - an expert explanation or commentary on the chosen decision. Their task consisted of a brief presentation of the facts, identification of the legal questions that the judicial authorities sought to answer, a legal analysis of the problem addressed, and an assessment of the significance of the decision for the practice of application. In their analyses, the students dealt with topical issues such as the joint action of a proxy and a member of the body, the consequences of a breach of the pre-emptive right, or the repugnancy of an agreement on the division of the community of property of the spouses. In employment law, decisions were presented concerning the right of the father of a child to a breastfeeding break or the wearing of symbols at work. In the section on private international law, the case law on cross-border relocation of the seat as well as on the choice of international jurisdiction of the courts was analysed.

The present proceedings consist of written outputs of students from this event. We are delighted that the students again this year approached their task with enthusiasm and conscientiousness. Finally, our sincere thanks go to all those who contributed to the success of the symposium.

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Adrián Popovič  - Jozef Sábo

Reviewed proceedings from the student symposium organized on the occasion of IV. Slovak-Czech days of tax law.

The International Scientific Conference IV. Slovak-Czech days of tax law was held 16th - 18th June 2021 in Košice (Faculty of Law of Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice). On this occasion, a student symposium on the topic: "Current Challenges of Tax Law" was organized for students of the Pavol Jozef Šafárik University Faculty of Law in Košice on 15th June 2021. The focus of the symposium was chosen due to the content of the grant project APVV-19-0124 entitled "Tax law and new phenomena in the economy (digital services, shared economy, virtual currencies)", which is currently being addressed at the Department of Financial Law, Tax Law and Economy, Faculty of Law, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice. The output of this symposium is a reviewed proceeding of papers, in which students focus on examining the current challenges of tax law. In this context, students examine not only the current challenges in the field of real estate tax and the introduction of taxation based on their market value of real estate, the decision-making of the Court of Justice of the European Union in the field of direct taxation and indirect taxation, but also new and extremely current taxation issues of cryptoactive (virtual currency) taxation, not only in the Slovak Republic but also in the world. The authors also assess in detail the current situation in the research area, and they also present de lege ferenda proposals that could contribute to the development and improvement of several aspects of taxation, which is a benefit not only for legal science but also for application practice.

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Dominika Kováčová- Lucia Pištejová- Ivan Vaňa

The present monograph deals with the post-war settlement of relations and peace negotiations related to the settlement of the borders of the newly established Czechoslovak Republic. The work discusses in detail the negotiation processes related to the preparation and signing of the Versailles and Saint-Germain Peace Treaties. Similarly, it then discusses in detail the peripeties related to the drafting of the Treaty of Trianon dealing with the border with Hungary and its subsequent delineation in the field. Last but not least, the thesis captures the settling of Czechoslovakia's international relations with Poland and their common border, with a particular focus on the arbitration settlement on the territory of Orava and Spiš.

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