Faculty of Medicine

E-book

Nikita Bobrov et al.

History of ethics represents a search for basic principle, which would enable a distinction between moral and immoral, good and bad, right and wrong. The main problem lies in motives, methods and consequences of human conduct. The integrity of medical profession puts emphasis on life-long study and practice according to the professional competence, and last but not least on ethical principles and rules of medical ethics.
Medical ethics, as a part of bioethics, is currently taking on a huge importance in everyday clinical practice and must face many serious ethical issues regarding the whole system of health care. On general level the decision-making in medical practice is quite easy, based on the requirement to always act in the patient's best interest. However, it is often difficult to know exactly what is best for the patient, in a certain situation, for this particular patient. Also with each progress in medicine and its globalization, the more aspects of human lives are being affected.

Biomedical research, and the new treatment and diagnostic methods it provides are viewed differently in each country, therefore various cultural, religious, social and legal aspects must be considered in their assessment, as well as the basic principles of medical ethics. Worldwide effort on unifying ethical regulations on certain aspects of health care led to the establishment of many legally recognized documents the doctors must be familiar with.

Teaching ethics to students of medical school aims to educate the future doctors towards ethical decision-making, behaviour and professional conduct according to the basic principles of medical ethics.
This textbook provides the basic information on medical ethics for students of medical faculties and serves as a practical introduction to the most common ethical problems of health care provision for their future professional practise.

Authors

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Tatiana Kimáková

The scientific monograph focuses on health determinants, healthy nutrition, its fundamental components, the consequences of unhealthy nutrition, and alternative dietary trends. The work also includes research targeting selected lifestyle factors among university students, particularly nutrition, eating habits, and physical activity.

This scientific monograph is suitable for the scientific community, students of medical and natural sciences, and public health professionals at all three levels of higher education. It is equally valuable for members of the informed general public interested in the subject.

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Lucia Dimunová et al.

Nutrition is among the fundamental needs of humans. A good nutritional status directly impacts an individual’s growth and development, health maintenance, and quality of life. This university textbook addresses nutrition in the context of dietetics and therapeutic nutrition, offering an overview of basic food components such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals.

It provides detailed insights into nutritional requirements across different developmental stages. In assessing nutritional status, it explores evaluation methods, including nutritional screening, anthropometric measurements, clinical assessments, and laboratory tests.

The text clarifies the structure of nutritional care systems for patients in home settings, healthcare facilities, and social institutions through a unified dietary system that defines basic and specialized diets. Alternative nutrition methods are discussed separately, with enteral and parenteral nutrition serving as alternatives during unfavorable health conditions.

The authors focus on application techniques and complications associated with these methods. The book concludes with food safety considerations and foundational principles of the European Union’s food policy. Currently, dietetics and therapeutic nutrition form a critical component of professional training for healthcare students in both undergraduate and postgraduate education, for whom this textbook is designed.

Authors’ Collective

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Mária Sováriová Soósová - Renáta Suchanová - Libuša Tirpáková

The presented university textbook provides knowledge in the field of nursing in internal medicine, specifically addressing the specifics of nursing care for patients with respiratory system diseases. It is intended for students of nursing as well as nurses working in this field.

The textbook is divided into six chapters and supplemented with bibliographic references, a list of abbreviations and symbols, a list of tables, and nursing diagnoses according to the NANDA International Taxonomy II classification (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association, NANDA-I). For the correct interpretation of new knowledge, its modification, and effective application in specific situations in nursing practice, it is essential to utilize interdisciplinary relationships and apply the latest scientific evidence.

Those interested in further deepening their knowledge are referred to professional and scientific publications, primarily in nursing, clinical propedeutics, internal medicine, pharmacology, psychology, and other medical and humanities disciplines.

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Jana Raková - Mária Sováriová Soósová (eds.)

The profession of nursing and the development of the field of nursing care are influenced by international, societal, political, social, and cultural conditions. The result of the long-term evolution of nursing is today's network of universities and higher education institutions that prepare qualified nurses capable of providing high-quality nursing care. Healthcare professionals are trained to meet the new demands imposed by contemporary society and the labor market. Nurses are at the center of most healthcare teams, playing a key role in promoting and protecting health as well as providing nursing care across primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors.

The presented scientific anthology includes contributions of both professional and scientific nature from domestic and international authors (from the Czech Republic, Poland, and Lithuania), addressing current requirements for the development of the nursing profession. The central theme focuses on legislative changes concerning the nursing profession in Slovakia as well as in an international context. The connection between theory and practice encompasses topics related to community care, specifics of patient care, and the safety of both patients and healthcare workers.

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A.A. Ahmetova - A.A. Seidakhmetova - N.D. Kalmenov et al.

Improving the best practices in the provision of the first pre-medical care is one of the priority areas of clinical medicine in most countries of the world. Despite the success in improving the provision of medical care at the level of FPMA and emergency medical care, it is the provision of skilled care at the earliest stages of the disease or emergency conditions that determines the quality of all medical care and the future of the patient.

When rendering emergency care to the sick and injured, the time factor is very important, it prevents irreversible disturbances in the body and creates a good help for the complete cure of the patient. Textbook is designed to improve awareness of the importance of pre-medical aid to non-medical students in central Asian countries.

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Pavol Jarčuška - Pavol Kristian - Ivan Schréter (eds.)

The abstract almanac was issued at the occasion of XXII. Slovak – Czech congress on infectoius diseases held in Jasná.

Overall it contains 70 reports that cover current issues in infectology. Contributions are focused on patients with infections caused by multidrug resistant organisms, HIV infected patients, patients with hepatitis and infections in immunocompromised patients.

Thers is a special section dedicated to new aspects in nursing care.

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Pavol Jarčuška - Daniel Pella - Ján Rosocha (eds.)

Proceedings of lectures from thematic conferences organized by UVP MediPark

UVP Medipark – the path to innovation in research, diagnostics, and treatment – was the title of the conference held on Tuesday, May 29, 2018, at the premises of the Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice. The patronage of the event was taken over by the rector of UPJŠ, Prof. RNDr. Pavol Sovák, CSc. The conference program was divided into two main areas – Innovative scientific technologies, clinical research, and the path to the development of new drugs, and UVP Medipark – main research areas.

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Martina Čižmáriková - Peter Takáč 

It is known that pharmacology is a rapidly evolving medical field, with information about drug forms and their routes of administration constantly changing. In addition to the emergence of new drug forms, new trends are also observed in the routes of administration suitable for delivering drugs. Despite being significant factors influencing the efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapy – an indispensable component of comprehensive patient care – to our knowledge, there has been a lack of comprehensive and detailed textual material focused on this issue on the market. This fact is related to the broader scope of the professional text we are presenting, as rare drug forms or less commonly used routes of administration are only marginally mentioned or not mentioned at all in available pharmacology textbooks.

Our main goal was therefore to provide sufficient information about existing drug forms, their routes of administration, as well as their methods of delivery, which should serve to enhance the quality of pharmacotherapy in the context of so-called "tailored treatment," whose main effort is to individualize treatment for a specific patient. Although the work focuses on drug application methods, a detailed description of the technical implementation of algorithms and other related procedures is the subject of interest for other fields (nursing, surgical propaedeutics, etc.). Overall, it is a supplementary educational text provided in electronic form, which is extremely popular in today's modern informatized era. Thanks to this, the work can be used at any time at home or in a school environment, comprehensively or progressively, partially. We have also tried to enhance its quality by appropriate content organization, inclusion of practical experiences, as well as the inclusion of colorful images or photographs, overview tables, and appendices.

The textbook is supplemented by test quizzes serving to verify acquired selected knowledge, which are published on the website of the Department of Pharmacology at the Medical Faculty of UPJŠ in Košice (under "Teaching" → "Taught subjects"), and which will be continuously supplemented and updated (http://www.lf.upjs.sk/farmakologia/TEST%201.htm; http://www.lf.upjs.sk/farmakologia/TEST%202.htm).

Although the work is primarily intended for medical students, or students of pharmacy and other healthcare fields, we firmly believe that enriching information will be found in it by beginning graduates of these fields, as well as their teachers.

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Iveta Domoráková et al.

The e-learning textbook is available at: https://portal.lf.upjs.sk. The textbook contains 11 chapters focusing on the microscopic anatomy of the head and neck region, with an emphasis on the oral and nasal cavities, skull bones and their development, and the detailed microscopic structure of teeth and their development. One chapter is dedicated to dentition from the perspective of the clinical significance of understanding tooth structure and development. The textbook includes chapters on the microscopic anatomy of organs that are functionally important for the head region, such as the vascular, lymphatic, endocrine, and nervous systems. The textbook is linked to an atlas, has a total of 490 pages, and features 300 original microphotographs using common histological stains, histochemical, immunohistochemical, and impregnation methods.

The textbook was created with the support of the KEGA project 019UPJŠ-4/2016.

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E-book

Terézia Kisková - Stanislav Matéffy - Františka Horváthová

The laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus) is one of the most commonly used experimental animals. It serves as a model organism for analyzing numerous biological processes and pathological mechanisms, such as cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders (e.g., lipid metabolism, diabetes mellitus), neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions (e.g., stroke, epilepsy, or Alzheimer's disease), neurobehavioral research, autoimmune diseases (e.g., arthritis), cancer, and renal diseases. It offers many unique advantages for modeling human diseases, testing drugs and natural substances, and studying responses to environmental factors. The size of the laboratory rat, compared to the mouse, creates ideal conditions for physiological manipulations. Additionally, rats are used in clinical toxicology to test chemical substances (Hedrich, 2000).

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Mária Rašiová

Cardiovascular diseases are among the main causes of morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Academic textbook: Selected Chapters from Angiology is devoted to the most common vascular diseases that the angiologist encounters on a daily basis.

Dilated artery diseases (abdominal aortic aneurysm), as well as stenotizing diseases of peripheral arteries, are described. Diseases such as deep vein thrombosis, thrombophlebitis and chronic venous insufficiency are discussed in the venous vascular system section. I also deal with the most common lymphatic vascular system disease ˗ lymphoedema.

In the individual chapters the risk factors of the diseases, symptoms and signs, diagnostics, treatment modalities (pharmacological therapy, endovascular therapy, angiosurgical therapy) and possible complications of the therapy are briefly analyzed.

My priority was to present the information in a logical, interesting and comprehensible form for students and for common clinical practice.

Author

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Jana Raková et al.

The proposed university textbook focuses on topics related to nutrition and nutritional recommendations for patients with selected diseases.

The aim is to provide dietary recommendations for patients with cardiovascular diseases, obesity, metabolic syndrome, gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary disorders, and bone and joint diseases. An important part of the content includes nutrition in relation to cancer. Beneficial for the present time is also a chapter focused on food allergies and intolerances.

The publication highlights specific and targeted nutritional interventions as part of the treatment regimen, which is essential to know and follow in a patient's personal life.

PhDr. Jana Raková, PhD.
(on behalf of the authors' collective)

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Adriana Boleková (ed.)

Proceedings of Scientific Works

The Košice Morphological Day is an annual May meeting of morphologists, primarily attended by Košice morphological workplaces. On this occasion, a collection of scientific works is regularly published.

This year's collection was published on the occasion of the 23rd Košice Morphological Day, which did not take place due to the poor epidemiological situation.

In the collection, the authors present the results of their scientific-research and pedagogical activities, which are in the form of theoretical overview studies and research works.

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Sylvia Dražilová - Laura Gombošová - Martin Janičko - Ľubomír Skladaný - Eduard Veseliny

University textbooks are focused on undergraduate medical students and young doctors engaged in specialized training in gastroenterology, hepatology, and internal medicine.

The authors aimed to somewhat replace the lack of a concise and straightforward textbook on gastroenterology and hepatology for medical students, while also providing specific, directly applicable information for young doctors in inpatient departments caring for these patients.

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Ján Varga

The cancer is the second most common reason of the death in human population. lt is responsible for approximately 10 million of death every year. Oncogynecology represents · one of the most pr ogressive part of gynecology. The interest is focused on vulvar cancer, vaginal cancer, cervical cancer, uterine cancer, fallopian tube carcinoma, ovarian cancer as well as breast cancer. Due to the range of the issue there are own workplaces ta king care just for the patients with oncogyneco logical diseases. The knowledge from oncogynecology are inevitably needed to pass the state exam as well as specialization from Gynecology and obstetrics. The presented publication is focused to mentioned oncogynecological diseases.

The anatomy and histology of the vulva, vagína, cervix, uterus, fallop ian tube and ovary are described in detail. Every described carcinoma contains part about etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic, classification and therapy. The paper contains information suitable for students of medical faculties as well as young doctors before specialization.

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Erik Dosedla

Laparoscopic surgical techniques are among the most frequently performed operations today. Throughout their short history, they have undergone many modifications, mainly related to miniaturization and the development of computer technology. The rapid development of laparoscopy over the last twenty years has led to changes in the indications, with minimally invasive procedures gradually replacing standard classical procedures.

Laparoscopic surgery offers significant benefits to the patient, but it also increases the demands on the surgical team.

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Peter Berek

With the development of endovascular surgery, there is a gradual advancement in ACI stenting. The minimally invasive approach has made this methodology suitable for patients with serious concomitant cardiac or pulmonary diseases. Another advantage compared to surgical treatment was better access to the ICA in patients after radiotherapy, after previous neck surgeries, as well as in patients with stenoses close to the skull base.

The comparison of CEA vs CAS is an interesting and debatable topic in many studies. However, despite the massive global development of endovascular treatment, carotid endarterectomy remains the gold standard for treating ICA stenosis in both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. In this monograph, we would like to accentuate and systematize the issue of surgical stroke prevention from the perspective of a vascular surgeon.

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Adriana Boleková a kol.

The book is primarily intended for first-year university students, but it is suitable for anyone who needs to learn. Students can find here the basic principles of learning, principles of how to preserve knowledge, how to concentrate without wasting time, how not to stress before a test or exam and many other practical tips. By acquiring simple knowledge, students will be able to learn effectively with the principles of brain-compatible learning in a way that they will acquire as much information as possible in the shortest period of time with maximum retention; that is minimal forgetting.

The book can serve not only as a theoretical background, but also as a practical tool for mastering university education. The goal was to create a balanced material that would be an interesting source not only for first-year university students, but also for students of higher years and for everyone with a need of lifelong learning.

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Erik Dosedla

A uterine scar is currently a significant medical problem. Uterine scars most commonly occur after a Cesarean section, which is one of the most frequent laparotomic surgeries (Yazicioglu et al., 2006). The frequency of Cesarean sections increased between 1990 and 2014 in the USA from 21.2% to 32.2% (Hamilton et al., 2015), in Great Britain from 12% to 26.2% (NHS Maternity Statistics - England, 2013-14: Summary Report, 2015), and in the Slovak Republic from 8.7% to 31% (Národné centrum zdravotníckych informácii, 2016).

After a Cesarean section (CS), there is a risk of abnormal healing of the uterotomic wound, which can result in the development of certain pathological conditions in consecutive pregnancies (uterine rupture, ectopic pregnancy in the Cesarean scar, placental disorders) (Seow et al., 2004; Oyelese and Smulian, 2006; Fitzpatrick et al., 2012). In addition, a defect in the Cesarean scar is associated with chronic dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and postmenstrual spotting (Wang et al., 2009; Bij de Vaate et al., 2011).

Ultrasound is a valuable examination method in the diagnostic and therapeutic management of these pathological conditions.

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Adriana Boleková et al.

The book is primarily intended for first-year university students, but it is suitable for anyone who needs to learn. Students can find here the basic principles of learning, principles of how to preserve knowledge, how to concentrate without wasting time, how not to stress before a test or exam and many other practical tips. By acquiring simple knowledge, students will be able to learn effectively with the principles of brain-compatible learning in a way that they will acquire as much information as possible in the shortest period of time with maximum retention; that is minimal forgetting.

The book can serve not only as a theoretical background, but also as a practical tool for mastering university education.

The goal was to create a balanced material that would be an interesting source not only for first-year university students, but also for students of higher years and for everyone with a need of lifelong learning.

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Silvia Mišíková

This learning text deals with heart rhythm disorders. The book is intended for medical students. There are in a simple way characterized bradycardic and tachycardic heart rhythm disorders. The script explains mechanism of arrhythmias, symptoms, diagnostics, and differential diagnostics and treatment. The greatest emphasis is focused on detection of the arrhythmias based on the surface ECG. All arrhythmias are explained by clinical ECG.

In conclusion, there is ECG quiz which consists of 27 clinical ECG records.

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Eva Ďurovcová - Mária Mareková

Clinical Biochemistry - selected chapters - MEFANET >>> 

After 7 years, we finally reworked the textbook on the subject of clinical biochemistry at UPJŠ FM in Košice. We have innovated information in accordance with recommendations of professional medical societies and added new chapters. As the scope of the subject is limited, the textbook does not cover all issues of biochemical diagnostics. It focuses on disorders of water-ion and acid-base balance disorders, and basic laboratory diagnostics of diseases of selected organs.

The textbook of clinical biochemistry has the ambition to become a practical aid for senior medical students and beginning doctors in the study of laboratory medicine. It should make it easier for them to orientate themselves in routinely used clinical-biochemical examinations and could form a springboard for a more detailed studying of laboratory methods and their use in diagnostic and monitoring algorithms.
Like any medical discipline, clinical biochemistry is evolving rapidly and gradually integrating with other areas of laboratory medicine. New diagnostic methods penetrate deeper into the essence of the biochemical mechanisms of the human body, and "omic" methods are gaining ground. It is almost sure that in a few years, laboratory examination looks quite different from today. If this publication quite hypothetically reaches its next edition, many chapters will need to updated, and new chapters written following the up-to-date status.
Authors thanks to their colleagues and reviewers for their professional comments and constructive criticism of the text - prof. Jaroslav Racek, MD, DrSc. from FM UK in Pilsen.
Authors thanks very kindly too prof. MUDr. Dušan Dobrota, CSc. (JFM UK Martin) and doc. MVDr. Zuzana Kostecká, PhD. (UVMP, Košice), who read and wrote review of this textbook.

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Miriam Kozárová

The publication "News in Diabetology and Lipidology" focuses on extremely relevant topics in diabetology and lipidology, reflecting the state of these issues in light of the recommendations from professional societies from 2019. In diabetology, it primarily addresses the intensification of antidiabetic treatment using modern drug classes—specifically, incretin enhancers and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors (gliflozins). Few medical fields have experienced such a development of new pharmacological options as diabetology has in the last two decades. While pharmacotherapy for type 2 diabetes (DM2) was limited to the use of biguanides, sulfonylurea derivatives, and insulin throughout the second half of the last century, recent years have introduced entirely new groups of oral antidiabetics with cardio- and nephroprotective effects. In lipidology, it pertains to the new recommendations from the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS) with new treatment goals for serum lipids and lipoproteins, including the use of biological therapies.

This textbook is primarily intended for medical students in doctoral studies and doctoral candidates, as well as for physicians preparing for specialization exams in internal medicine, endocrinology, diabetology, metabolic disorders and nutrition, as well as cardiology and angiology. I believe that readers will find information in this publication that will aid them in their studies and translate into their daily clinical practice.

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Jana Diabelková

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Renáta Suchanová - Lucia Dimunová

The following textbook deals with issues related to communication in medical practice which significantly affects the survival and behaviour of a patient. Communication skills and the attitude of healthcare professionals exercised towards a patient have significant impact on patient’s ability to handle treatment and his or hers co-operation during the process.

This publication is intended to serve as a guide applicable towards deeper knowledge, better comprehension and overall understanding of the mental state of an ill person, his or her needs, stances, behaviour patterns, but also his or her management of the illness. Attention is also paid to the active building of a relationship between the healthcare professional and the patient, with emphasis on respect, truthfulness, and mutual understanding in communication. Particularly accentuated are issues related to specific effective communication skills, methods, and techniques serviceable during interactions with a patient; application of empathy and proactive approach are highlighted.

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Zuzana Dankulincová a kol.

The scientific monograph is the output of the Care4Youth project, which aimed to map the current system of care for adolescents with emotional and behavioral problems (EBP) in Slovakia. It captures what the care system is and what its possible shortcomings are from the perspective of all those affected (adolescents with problems, their parents, care providers and other institutions involved).

It also looks at the trajectory of adolescents with EBP in the care system, i.e. when and how adolescents with problems enter and leave the care system, or pass from one type of care to another and what impact different trajectories have on them.

Last but not least, the aim of the monograph was to provide expert information on what are the risk and protective factors that will affect their success in the care system or, conversely, that threaten them. All this in order to support the proposal for improvements in the care system that would benefit all stakeholders.

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Peter Berek

University scripts “Visceral pathology of vascular origin“analyze one of the most challenging vascular regions, the aorta and the visceral aortic branches, from the surgical perspective. The diagnostic and the treatment aneurysms of the abdominal aorta are dedicated to the first chapter. Early diagnostic and operative treatment is crucial in the treatment of ruptured aneurysms of the abdominal aorta. Shortening of the interval between the patient’s arrival with ruptured aneurysm of the abdominal aorta into the hospital and the beginning of the operation decreased the perioperative mortality. This shortening, together with the use of the cell savers, led to the dropping of perioperative mortality from 50% to 20%. The diagnostics and surgical treatment of the acute and chronic occlusion of the aorta and iliac arteries are analyzed in the second chapter. In this chapter, the focus is given to the aortobifemoral bypass as “the gold standard“ of the surgical therapy of aortoiliac atherosclerosis. The management of acute mesenteric ischemia is the content of the third chapter. Acute mesenteric ischemia is a severe condition with high mortality. The problem of acute mesenterial ischemia is a delayed diagnostic that is the reason for poor therapeutical outcomes of the disease. The possible imagine studies and operations used in treating acute mesenteric ischemia are brought in this chapter. Chronic mesenteric ischemia leads to cachexia. The diagnosis of chronic mesenterial ischemia is one of the most demanding, and surgical therapy used in the treatment of chronic mesenterial ischemia also belongs to the most challenging operations. Left-sided colon ischemia belongs to the severe complications of the aortoiliac reconstructions. Left-sided colon ischemia has a high mortality. In the prevention of the left-sided colon, ischemia is preserving at least one internal iliac artery. The complex diagnostics treatment of intraabdominal compressive syndromes as Dunbar syndróme, „Nutcracker“ syndróme a Wilkie syndróme, analyzed in the last chapter.

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Tatiana Kimáková - Štefan Tóth - Ivan Uher

The scientific monograph is devoted to active and healthy aging, its basic indicators, involutional changes, or the relationship between healthy aging and lifestyle. Adopting a healthy lifestyle and actively participating in health care for yourself are important elements in all stages of our lives, and therefore in healthy aging. We describe the possibilities of older people to slow down the adverse changes associated with aging through education and educational activities of various types.

The scientific monograph also includes our own research focused on overall health and selected lifestyle risk factors, especially consumption of various food groups, smoking, alcohol, physical activity and stress of participants at the University of the Third Age at Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Slovak and foreign university students at the Medical Faculty of the Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice. The scientific monograph is appropriate for the scientific community, students of medical and natural sciences, public health for all three degrees of university study.

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Ahmad Gharaibeh - Marek Lacko

Authors describe the clinical and paraclinical examination methods necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of orthopedic diseases in both children and adults.

The examination methods are categorized based on individual anatomical locations. A valuable chapter discusses joint aspirations, detailing their indications, techniques for performing them, and potential complications. The chapter showcasing patient documentation for students serves as a significant aid for practical exams before the state final examination in surgery.

This work appropriately complements the available educational literature required for international undergraduate students in general medicine, as well as for physicians in specialized training in orthopedics and related fields.

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 Terézia Hudáková - Jozef Židzik 

Pomocné učebné texty Biológia a genetika – pracovný zošit pre bakalárske študijné programy na praktické cvičenia z lekárskej biológie a genetiky sú určené predovšetkým pre študentov 1. ročníka bakalárskych odborov na UPJŠ LF v Košiciach (ošetrovateľstvo, fyzioterapia a verejné zdravotníctvo). Sú zamerané tak, aby vybranými praktickými úlohami a modelovými príkladmi vhodne dopĺňali, prehlbovali a ilustrovali látku, ktorú si študent vypočuje na prednáškach, alebo prečíta v učebnici. Dve základné oblasti pokryté v textoch sú cytológia a genetika.

Autori

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Štefan Tóth

Dyslipidemia is one of the main risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases. In recent years, extensive research has been conducted, leading to changes in therapeutic recommendations for dyslipidemia. These scripts aim to provide readers in the introductory chapters with information on the basic management of patients with dyslipidemia, procedures, target levels, and available medications and their combinations for achieving target levels, focusing on the practical aspect of dyslipidemia treatment. In the special section of the script, an overview is provided of the basic characteristics, studies of individual available hypolipemics, as well as hypolipemics that are not yet on our market or are still in the stage of clinical trials

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