English

E-book

Miroslav Almáši(ed.)

The proceedings of the conference 60 YEARS OF SCIENCE AND EDUCATION IN THE FIELD OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY IN EASTERN SLOVAKIA comprise a collection of scholarly and scientific contributions presented on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the establishment of the Department of Inorganic Chemistry at the Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice. The conference focused on reviewing the scientific, research, and educational activities in the field of inorganic chemistry in eastern Slovakia and highlighting significant achievements accomplished over the sixty-year history of the department. The abstracts included in the proceedings cover a broad range of topics that reflect current trends and directions in inorganic chemistry. The proceedings are thematically divided into four main areas, encompassing contributions dedicated to inorganic, coordination, bioinorganic, and materials chemistry. This collection offers a valuable overview of the current state of research in inorganic chemistry, as well as its teaching and historical development in eastern Slovakia..

Download the e-book for free (pdf)

E-book

Monika Tvrdoňová - Miroslava Martinková

The scientific book of abstracts from conference „Novel Trends in Chemistry, Research and Education 2022“ is a summary of the contributions of conference participants, which contain the original results of their scientific and research activities. The contributions published in this volume can be divided according to content into the field of analytical, inorganic, organic, physical chemistry, biochemistry, didactics of chemistry and NMR spectroscopy.

Download e-book for free (pdf)

E-book

Zuzana Buráková - Petra Filipová

The canon of American literature has undergone constant revision with many authors who were long excluded from wider recognition now being accepted as significant figures. With the emergence of postcolonial and ethnic studies after the 1960s, the diversity of the literary canon has become greater than ever, and we can now see American literature as remarkably distinctive in this respect.

The question of how to define ethnicity and how far an immigrant should go to preserve their ethnic heritage have always been addressed by writers, together with larger issues such as the definition of national identity and national literature, and where we should draw the lines between local and global identities. We understand that a single course in American ethnic literature cannot hope to answer all these complex questions, but we firmly believe that discussing these questions in classes can help us to be more understanding and tolerant of ethnic diversity.

For this reason, the main aim of this textbook is to provide an interdisciplinary introduction to American ethnic literatures with an emphasis on their historical and cultural background, to expand students’ knowledge of American literatures and cultures at the master’s level and familiarize them with specific features of ethnic literatures in the contemporary USA. The textbook contains information on Native American, African American, Asian American, Jewish American, and Hispanic American literature, history and culture.

Download e-book for free (pdf)

E-book

Mária Fedorčáková - Miriama Filčáková

Current publication is dealing with the history of philosophical education in Košice since the beginning to the foundation of the Faculty of Arts at Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice in 2007. Beginnings of philosophical education in Košice are connected to the fundation of the University of Košice in 1657, which was originally founded as Jesuit university with two faculties – Faculty of Theology and Faculy of Arts.

The publication is dealing with the philosophy teaching in the Faculty of Arts and examines the philosophy teachers and students. Another interest is given to decline of philosophy teaching caused by transformation of the University into the Royal Academy and the Academy of Law at the end of the 18 and during 19 century. The second part of the publication is dealing with the history of higher education after the second world war and the foundation of the University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik in Košice.

The authoress focuses on circumstances of the foundation of the Faculty of Arts in Prešov and its history and later development after 1989, which included also division of the university in 1997. The last part of publication presents the history of the university buildings, in which the Faculty of Arts is situated.

Download the e-book for free  (pdf)

E-book

Lenka Mártonfiová (ed.)

The Index Seminum 2023 of the Botanical Garden of the Pavol Jozef Šafárik University contains a list of 291 seed samples offered for the international exchange among botanical gardens on the world.

It includes seeds collected from the wild plants in natural localities of Slovakia with a detailed description of the localities with coordinates and date of collection (92 samples) and seeds of plants grown in the Botanical Garden (25 samples) and seeds from Exposition of the Tatra Mountain Nature of the State Forests of Tatra National Park, Tatranská Lomnica (69 samples) as well as 105 seed samples from Hrádocké Arboretum of the Secondary Forestry School of Jozef Dekret Matejovie in Liptovský Hrádok.

The index includes a desiderata table that can be used when ordering seeds..

Download the e-book for free  (pdf)

E-book

Jozef Strečka

Over the past fifteen years, the course on ’Exactly Solvable Models in Statistical Physics’ has become an indispensable ground of the study programme ’Theoretical Physics’ at Faculty of Science of Pavol Jozef Šafarik University in Košice. At first, the course based on the first edition of this textbook was intended for undergraduate students only, however, I have later prepared follow-up course taught at a postgraduate level on demand of several ambitious students who wished to continue in studying this exciting research field.

It is already more than decade when our students enrolled in the study programme ’Theoretical Physics’ graduate from ’Introduction to Exactly Solvable Models in Statistical Physics’ at a master level and ’Exactly Solvable Models in Statistical Physics’ at a postgraduate level. Of course, it was necessary somehow to rearrange topics for the courses of undergraduate and postgraduate students.

More specifically, a few more challenging topics concerned with exact solutions of 2D Ising model (chapter 3) were moved to a more advanced course intended for the postgraduate students, while an introductory course intended for the undergraduate students was contrarily supplemented with a few new topics requiring the second edition of this textbook.

The second edition of this textbook thus contains a completely new chapter 4 devoted to the exact solution of the Ising model on the Bethe lattice using the method of exact recursion relations, while the chapter 5 was supplemented by exact results for ground state of a few frustrated Heisenberg spin models using the variational method. It is my hope that the next edition of this textbook will come soon and it will involve all topics specifically taught within the postgraduate course as well. 

Download the e-book for free  (pdf)

E-book

Elena Lazoríková - Adrián Popovič - Anna Románová

Reviewed proceedings of scientific papers

The Proceedings presents papers from international scientific conference “The Condition of Public Finances in the EU and their Future Perspectives” held on June 2 – 3, 2022 in Košice, Slovakia and is published as a partial outcome of the implementation of the VEGA project No. 1/0485/21: "Simultaneity and possibilities of reforming the system of own resources of the EU budget (legal and economic aspects also in the context of the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic)" and VEGA project No. 1/0214/21: "Real Property Tax - Legal Status and Potential".

The proceedings consist of contributions from conference participants divided into two thematic sections: “The EU Budget” and “Real Estate in Taxation.” While the first section addresses both the revenue side of the EU budget (particularly in the context of the own resources system), as well as its expenditure side and its relationship to other budgets, the second section focuses on real estate as the subject of specific regulations under various taxes, including those that directly tax real estate through a tax of the same name.

Download e-book for free (pdf)

E-book

Jana Shepa (ed.)

The book of abstracts from 6th International Conference on Nanomaterials: Fundamentals and Applications, NFA 2022 is composed of contributions from the participants of this international conference. The conference consisted of 4 invited lecture and 52 abstracts of participants. The conference is focused on nanotechnology and its application in various research areas. All contributions are professionally processed and inspiring.

Download the e-book for free (pdf)

E-book

Michaela Ružičková - Patrik Furik - Lukáš Jakabovič (eds.)

The collection of articles from the XI. International Scientific Conference for Students and Young Scientists, organized by the Department of Political Science of the Faculty of Arts of the Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, in cooperation with the Res Publica Civic Association, the Department of Security Studies of the Faculty of Political Science and International Relations of the Matej Bel University in Banská Bystrica, Institute of Political Sciences and Administration, Faculty of Political Science and Journalism, Marie Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Institute of Social Studies, Faculty of Regional Development and International Studies, Mendel University in Brno, and the Department of Political Science, Faculty of Arts, University of Miskolc, held on 20 May 2022 in Košice.

The aim of this publication, entitled Truth vs. Post-Truth. „It is not true, but it could be.”, is to highlight the threats arising from the issue of the spread of disinformation, conspiracies and hoaxes today, reflecting not only on the national context, but also on the impact of these elements in the international environment.

The proceedings consist of 12 articles written in Slovak and English. The individual contributions deal with selected topics and aspects of the spread of disinformation, conspiracy theories or hoaxes, among others in the context of elections, media landscape and politics.

The topics of the contributions are the limits of freedom of expression, media freedom and regulation in the media space, the issue of propaganda or information warfare. The present volume also includes papers focusing on issues in the field of political ideologies or the issue of false narratives about the COVID-19 disease.

Download the e-book for free  (pdf)

E-book

Ingrid Madárová -Lívia Barnišinová - Veronika Pálová

Táto príručka priamo prispieva k budovaniu inkluzívneho akademického prostredia, kde sa zahraniční študenti cítia vítaní a pochopení. Zároveň podporuje vzdelávacie a profesionálne zručnosti zamestnancov v oblasti interkultúrnej komunikácie, čo v konečnom dôsledku vedie k zvýšeniu kvality služieb poskytovaných univerzitou a k zlepšeniu medzinárodnej spolupráce.

Download the e-book for free (pdf)

E-book

Jozef Bednarčík (ed.)

The SFEL school is continuation of the Winter Schools of Synchrotron radiation held in 2011, 2013, 2014 and SFEL 2017, 2018 and 2019. All schools of the series were held here, in Liptovský Ján, where our conference venue offers conditions for friendly and creative atmosphere.

The aim of the SFEL 2022 school is to facilitate the growth of a new Slovak research community with high expertise in the area of high-efficiency RTG laser, synchrotron and neutron sources. The SFEL school is designed for efficient transfer of the rapidly developing know-howin these areas to young generation – researchers and university students. The next aim of the SFEL2022 is strengthening of personal connections between the local Slovak research community and actually forming scientific teams of XFEL users, scientific teams of synchrotron or neutron sources users, respectively.

Slovak research community thus can take advantage of the fact that Slovakia is a shareholder of the European XFEL GmbH company in Hamburg, but also makes more efficient use of other closely related scientific facilities, including ILL and ESRF in Grenoble and DESY in Hamburg.

Download the e-book for free (pdf)

E-book

Martina Ružičková - Jozef Dragašek

 MEFANET 

Psychology is becoming increasingly important in people's lives. It is significant to research human behaviour and how people interact with their environment, as well as how they develop physically, mentally, emotionally, and socially. A rising number of people have been both physically and mentally harmed in recent years as a result of cognitive, emotional, or behavioural disorders.

It was determined that a study book on psychology for medical students was required. Presented study book Psychology in Medicine gives students a fundamental insight into patients´ behaviour in general, and demonstrates the role of psychology in relieving health concerns in particular. It includes topics of medical psychology and clinical psychology that are applied in health care. The chapters address the basic principles of human behaviour, communication between patients and physicians, personality psychology, psychodiagnostic techniques, psychotherapy treatment, abnormal psychology, dealing with stressful events and physical illnesses. The study textbook also emphasises the importance of good mental health and self-care in a doctor's practise.

There is a hope that this book will provide both a source of information and inspiration for doctors and all health care professionals.

E-book

Jozef Strečka,Katarína Karľová

The 48th Conference of the Middle European Cooperation in Statistical Physics (MECO48) will be held on May 22nd-26th, 2023, in Stará Lesná, High Tatras, Slovakia. The MECO48 conference continues a long tradition of regular international meetings in the domain of statistical physics established in the early 1970s with the aim of bridging the gap between the communities of scientists from the Eastern and Western parts of Europe separated by the iron curtain.

In the modern era the MECO conferences attract attention of the community of scientists who are active in the field of statistical physics including various interdisciplinary applications to biology, medicine, geography, finance, quantum information theory, and machine learning.

The MECO48 conference is organized jointly by Faculty of Science of Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Institute of Experimental Physics of Slovak Academy of Sciences in Košice, Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences in Bratislava and Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Prešov under the financial support of Slovak Research and Development Agency (grant No. APVV-20-0150) and other sponsors.

Download e-book for free (pdf)

E-kniha

Eva Mihalíková - Darina Koreňová (executive editor)

Public Administration and Society is a scientific journal publishing scientific academic articles, contributions to discussion and reviews having the content orientation on the theory and practice of Public Administration.

The mission of the Journal is to publish significant results of the scientific scholarly researches regarding the area of public administration and related disciplines which are connected with the study profile and scientific bias of our Faculty. The Scientific Journal is issued in electronic version.

Download the e-journal for free (pdf)

E-book

Renáta Orosová - Michal Novocký - Katarína Petríková

An integral part of the process of becoming a teacher is the mentoring of student teachers by mentor teachers, serving as guidance and support for future teachers. Developing mentoring skills and fostering reflective mentoring practices are means of enhancing the practical training of student teachers, their professional development, and improving the quality of their future educational practice.

The foundation of the mentoring relationship between the mentor teacher as a mentor and the student teacher as a mentee is not to evaluate the student, but to analyse their learning and teaching and contemplate ways to enhance these processes. The university textbook represents a creative textual tool focused on innovations in strategies for supporting the development of mentoring abilities in mentors and mentees during professional practical training. This university textbook, intended for student teachers in the role of mentees and mentor teachers in the role of mentors, systematizes the theoretical foundations of mentoring, provides guidance and directives for mentoring in professional practical training. Furthermore, it offers the university teacher, in the role of supervising the student's teaching practice, an overview of techniques and methods pertaining to the mentoring relationship between mentor and mentee. It is applicable as a university textbook for student teachers, students pursuing supplementary pedagogical studies or advanced studies, as well as for mentor teachers in primary and secondary schools, and university educators involved in professional practical training.

Its English version provides opportunities for utilization during study stays of student teachers abroad and for foreign students in Slovakia.

Download the e-book for free  (pdf)

E-book

Lucia Andrezálová, Zdeňka Ďuračková,Mária Chomová,Vladimír Jakuš, Miriam Ježovičová, Jana Muchová, Zuzana Országhová,Ingrid Žitňanová

Chemistry and biochemistry at medical faculties are integral parts of basic theoretic knowledge of contemporary graduate. Educational book “Textbook of Medical Chemistry” is destined to students of study branches General Medicine and Dentistry for the course “Medical Chemistry”.

It is structured into 13 chapters concerning several topics: general and physical chemistry, organic chemistry, chemistry of natural substances (static biochemistry), enzymology and oxidative stress.

Individual chapters provide comprehensible explanation of the fundamentals of physico-chemical, chemical and biochemical relationships applying in living systems as well as the knowledge of the structure of biologically important molecules (simple molecules and macromolecules) related to their properties and biological function.

Download e-book for free (pdf)

E-book

Miroslav Almáši

The scientific book of abstracts from the conference „Novel Trends in Chemistry, Research and Education 2023“ is a summary of the contributions of conference participants, which contain the original results of their scientific and research activities.

The contributions published in this volume can be divided according to content into the fields of analytical, inorganic, organic, physical chemistry, biochemistry, didactics of chemistry, and NMR spectroscopy.

Download e-book for free (pdf)

E-book

Adrián Popovič - Jozef Sábo - Anna Vartašová

Reviewed Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Student Symposium

The Intemational Scientific Conference - V. Slovak-Czech days of tax law on the topic Tax Law and New Phenomena in the Economy was held 5th - 6th June 2023 in Košice. Onthis occasion, a student symposium on the topic: "Financial Law and Tax Law in the 21st Century" was organized for students of the Pavol Jozef Šafárik University Faculty of Law in Košice on 7th June 2023. The focus of the symposium was chosen due to the content of thegrant project VEGA no. 1/0485/21: "Simultaneity and possibilities of reforming the system ofown resources of the EU budget (legal and economic aspects also in the context of the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic) ",of the grant project VEGA no.1/0214/21: "Taxa/ionof real property - legal status and polential" and of the grant project APVV-19-0124 entitled" Tax law and new phenomena in the economy (digital services, sharedeconomy,virtualcurrencies) ", which are currently being addressed at the Department of Financial Law, Tax Law and Economy, Faculty of Law, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice.

The output of this symposium is a reviewed proceeding of papers, in which students focus on examining the issues of new phenomena in the digital economy (virtual currencies and the shared economy), but also the iss ues of the budget process, thedecision - making activity of the Court of Justice of the EU and theoretical - legal issues of tax justice with regard to the development of tax law.

The authors also assess in detail the current situation in the research area, and they also present de lege ferenda proposals that could contribute to the development and improvementof several aspects of taxation, which is a benefit not only for legal science but also for application practice.

Download e-book for free (pdf)

E-book

Jozef Suchoža - Ján Husár - Regina Hučková

The Proceedings of the International Scientific Symposium "LA W-BUSINESS-ECONOMICS XII" is a collection of scientific works by authors participating in the symposium of the same name. The publication focuses primarily on the area of representation in private law, related pai1ies in corporate and bankruptcy law, and current issues of legal regulation of artificial intelligence.

The authors of indivídua! contributions are erudite experts from various branches of law. The collection of scientific papers is a complete work in the form of a collection, with an overlap into private and public law sectors.

Readers are presented with scientific outputs from authors from the Slovak legal environment, as well as from foreign authors. Several authors' paper provide a European legal perspective or an international comparative perspective.

Download e-book for free (pdf)

Marek Stupák et al.

Medical Chemistry presents an overview of the most important topics of general, organic and bioinorganic chemistry for students of General and Dental Medicine study programs. Its aim is to provide a theoretical basis for the study of the subject Medical Chemistry and for understanding processes and chemical reactions which are taking place in the human body.

Each topic directly links chemical principles to the processes in living organisms and thus can help the students to clearly see the application of the presented information. Therefore, it also provides a good starting point for further study of Medical Biochemistry, for which the knowledge of these principles is necessary.

Download e-book for free (pdf)

E-book

Marcela Gbúrová - Daniel Dobiaš - Jana Šutajová - Gabriel Eštok - Ján Ruman - Tomáš Dvorský

Research Into Correlations Between Deformations of Political Awareness and the Increase of Political Extremism Among Secondary School Students in the Košice Self-governing Region and the Prešov.

Self-governing Region The issue of political extremism has a relatively long research period, and it should be emphasised that, especially in the recent period, it has received increased attention in the political science community not just in Slovakia but also abroad. Given the specifics of this anti-democratic form of political discourse, which has not only explicit forms, but also highly sophisticated manifestations against democracy (extremism of the centre, or centrist extremism), it is also addressed by experts of other humanities and social disciplines: history, psychology, anthropology, sociology, etc.

The common interest of this professional community is both to analyse different forms of extremist discourses and narratives, to search for national specificities of extremism that are anchored in their historical, social and cultural contexts, but at the same time to reveal transnational extremist influences within a globalizing world and to propose evidence-based strategies to counter extremist discourses.

Download e-book for free (pdf)

E-book

Peter Lengyel - Eugen Frišman (eds.)

Book of Abstracts

CONGRESS TOPICS:

Medical section

• Surgical Treatment of Burns
• Electrical Burns
• Thermal Injuries in Children
• Military Thermal Injuries
• Scalds
• Poster Section

  Nursing Section

• Care of Pediatric Patients with Thermal Injuries

• Care of Adult Patients with Extensive Burns

• The Importance of Nurses’ Work in Operating Rooms

• Treatment of Patients in a Hyperbaric Chamber

Download the e-book for free (pdf)

E-book

Jana Shepa (ed.)

The book of abstracts from 7th International Conference on Novel Materials: Fundamentals and Applications, NFA 2023 is composed of contributions from the participants of this international conference. The conference consisted of 3 invited lecture and 40 abstracts of participants. The conference is focused on novel materials and its application in various research areas. All contributions are professionally processed and inspiring.

Download the e-book for free (pdf)

E-book

Ingrid Madárová - Lívia Barnišinová - Barbara Mitríková - Zuzana Kolaříková -  Veronika Pálová - Lucia Tóthová

This handbook is primarily intended for university teachers who regularly come into contact with international students. It focuses on supporting effective intercultural communication in the academic environment. Through examples of specific situations from everyday academic life, it offers recommendations on how to prevent potential misunderstandings arising from intercultural differences. It also includes practical advice aimed at building open, culturally sensitive, and respectful communication that enhances mutual understanding and fosters an inclusive educational environment.

Download the e-book for free (pdf)

M.Stupák - P.Urban - J.Mašlanková - M.Mareková

E-book

Ján Mojžiš - Ladislav Mirossay -Andrej Miroššay (eds.)

This long-standing scientific conference continues its tradition of fostering collaboration, sharing knowledge, and supporting progress in the fields of pharmacology, pharmacy, toxicology, and biomedical sciences. The 2025 meeting brings together distinguished researchers, clinicians, educators, and students from the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and beyond, united by a common goal—to advance our understanding of pharmacological science and improve human health.

Download the e-book for free (pdf)

E-book

Jozef Bednarčík - Hana Vargová (eds.)

The Czech and Slovak Conference on Magnetism (CSMAG) is a scientific meeting that honors a longstanding tradition initiated in Košice in 1960. Evolving from a regional gathering of the Czechoslovak magnetic community into a prominent international forum, CSMAG brings together researchers from diverse fields of magnetism. The conference covers a wide range of topics including theoretical and experimental magnetism, magnetic materials for energy and spintronics applications, low-dimensional and molecular magnets, rare-earth and actinide systems, and multifunctional materials. With contributions from over 20 countries, CSMAG’25 fosters cross-disciplinary collaboration and showcases the latest advances in both fundamental studies and practical applications of magnetic phenomena.

Download the e-book for free (pdf)

E-kniha

Pavol Mártonfi - Lenka Mártonfiová (eds.)

The book of abstracts from the conference with international participation contains 33 contributions authored by 71 researchers affiliated with botanical institutions from Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Poland, and Hungary. The publication offers an overview of current knowledge and research experience in the field of plant biodiversity in the context of climate change. In addition to botany and nature conservation, the abstracts also address topics such as plant physiology, the production of secondary metabolites, environmental studies, management of protected areas, botanical art, and other current research issues. The central paper is dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the UPJŠ Botanical Garden, highlighting its history and present-day activities, and was prepared by the garden’s director. The volume is complemented by contributions from the garden’s staff, focusing on the current state of research and educational activities within the institution.

Download the e-book for free (pdf)

E-book

Vasyl Cherlinka - Michal Gallay - Yuryi Dmytruk

The textbook is a practical guide to predictive mapping of soil types and properties in R. It bridges digital soil mapping theory with hands-on practice, covering the full workflow from data acquisition and preprocessing to validation and uncertainty quantification. Early chapters introduce the tidyverse ecosystem and the sf and terra packages for spatial data handling. Subsequent parts address modelling of categorical variables (soil types/WRB) and continuous variables (soil organic carbon) using Random Forest, Cubist, and Quantile Regression Forests. Step-by-step code examples show training/testing, feature selection, accuracy metrics, and model interpretation. Reproducibility and cartographic best practice are emphasised. A Slovakia case study demonstrates real-world application while outlining limits and generalisability. The book targets bachelor’s, master’s, and PhD students in geography, geoinformatics, environmental and agricultural sciences, as well as practitioners. Written in English, it fits international courses and mobility programmes.

Download the e-book for free (pdf)

E-publication

Eva Slabá-Helena Mičková-Jozef Židzik-Lucia Klimčáková-Janka Vašková

Teaching texts „Practical Lessons in Medical biology“ provide the theoretical foundations of microscopy, various microscopic techniques and preparation of microscopic slides in an understandable form. The chapters of the teaching texts contain model questions and tasks from cytology, molecular biology and genetics enabling students to acquire new knowledge from individual thematic areas and provide instructions for the implementation of tasks during laboratory lessons in medical biology. Teaching texts are primarily intended for the practical lessons in the subjects Biology 1 and Biology 2 for foreign students of the first year of General Medicine and the subjects Medical Biology and Genetics and Regenerative Medicine for foreign students of the first and second year of Dental Medicine at P. J. Šafárik University in Košice – Faculty of Medicine.

Download the e-book for free (pdf)

E-publication

Pavel Štekauer

The book is intended as an introduction to English linguistics for students entering on the study of the English language at Faculties of arts and Pedagogical faculties. It has been written with the purpose of filling the existing gap in the available literature on general linguistics, and in this way to help both students and teachers. However, since the scope of the book surpasses the immediate requirements of an introductory course, it may also be helpful to students within specialized disciplines. In addition, it may be used by undergraduates when preparing for the state-leaving examinations.

Download the e-book for free (pdf)

E-publication

Michal Goga-Marko S. Sabovljević-Martin Bačkor-Dajana Kecsey-Deepti Routray

A comprehensive guide that introduces you to the fascinating diversity and systematics of lower plants. These practical lessons are designed to provide hands-on training, allowing students to engage directly with the interesting study of Cryptogams by observation, analysis, and identification and experimentation. Beginning with the overall idea of cryptogam in a field trip near by the vicinity of Botanical garden then followed by the basics of microscopy in, will help to gain essential skills in understanding the components and proper usage of a microscope, a fundamental tool in botanical studies.

Download the e-book for free (pdf)