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New Trends in Chemistry, Research and Education 2020

New Trends in Chemistry, Research and Education...

E-book

E-book

Zuzana Orságová Králová (ed.)

The scientific book of abstracts is a summary of the contributions of teachers, scientists and other conference participants, which contain the original results of their scientific and research activities. Their work will be the subject of the next domestic conference „New Trends in Chemistry, Research and Education at Faculty of Science of P. J. Šafárik University in Košice 2020“. The conference is a space for dialogue between scientific academics on the one hand and professional staff and students on the other.

The contributions published in this volume can be divided according to content into the field of analytical, inorganic, physical, organic chemistry, biochemistry and didactics of chemistry. All contributions are interesting and can be used in further creative scientific and research work, in the process of education and in practical work.

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Globálne navigačné satelitné systémy: GPS, GLONAS, Galileo, Compass

Globálne navigačné satelitné systémy: GPS,...

E-book

E-book

Vladimír Sedlák

The university textbooks entitled Global Navigation Satellite Systems: GPS, GLONAS, Galileo, Compass present four navigation systems of the GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems): American NAVSTAR GPS, Russian GLONASS, European Galileo and Chinese Compass. The Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS) are also briefly explained. They provide regional service in augmenting the reach and support of signals from satellites of the GNSS (GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, Compass). Each satellite navigation system in the frame of GNSS is elucidated in terms of its principles of operation, structure, specificities, applications, and future perspectives.

The university textbook aims to improve the reader’s understanding of the principles and activities of the presented GNSS. The book emphasizes the possibilities of GNSS applications in geodesy and geography. The university textbook constitutes the basic study literature for the class Global Navigation Satellite Systems within the study program Geography and Geoinformatics at the Faculty of Science of the Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice. For a deeper study of the GNSS issue, it is necessary to extend the study materials to include other educational scientific literature dealing with navigation satellite systems and their applications.

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Pokročilé štatistické metódy

Pokročilé štatistické metódy

E-book

E-book

Daniel Klein

Statistics is defined as a scientific discipline based on learning from data and on finding, controlling, and presenting uncertainty. In these university textbooks we present the history of statistics, basic concepts of statistical modeling, measurement of dependencies, regression models, analysis of variance. We describe simple sorting, multiple comparisons, assumptions of the ANOVA model, Kruskal-Wallis test.

University textbooks are suitable for students of mathematics and computer science at the first and second level of universities. Study materials are also suitable for students of non-informatics disciplines with a view to improving their knowledge and practical experience in the fields of informatics and provide an opportunity for students to apply in IT companies in solving practical tasks.

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Praktické cvičenia z fyzikálnej chémie

Praktické cvičenia z fyzikálnej chémie

E-book

E-book

Andrea Morovská TuroňováRenáta OriňakováFrantišek Kaľavský 

The university textbooks "Practical Exercises in Physical Chemistry" are intended as teaching literature for students of the 2nd year of the Chemistry study program and the 3rd year of the interdisciplinary study program at the Faculty of Science of the Pavel Jozef Šafárik University in Košice.

The three chapters summarize the basic knowledge of thermodynamics, electrochemistry and kinetics, the next chapter deals with the measurement of some other physico-chemical quantities. The tasks developed on the basis of cooperation with the Criminalistics and Expertise Institute of the Police in Košice, which also participates in the innovation of practical teaching, are also very attractive and interesting for students. Thematic units are updated and supplemented by new knowledge, principles as well as detailed working procedures using new instrumentation.

The aim of laboratory exercises in physical chemistry is to illustrate and confirm the physicochemical laws and correlations that apply to the quantitative description of chemical phenomena. Students will learn to use instruments and equipment that occur in physico-chemical laboratories, they will learn the principles of accurate and correct quantitative measurement of physical quantities, important from a chemical point of view. They can also develop professional and scientific communication skills, and we want to support their creative approach to making measurement protocols.

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Autumn Electrochemical Meeting

Autumn Electrochemical Meeting

E-book

E-book

Jana Shepa (ed.)

The book of abstracts from the first year of the international conference Autumn electrochemical meeting is composed of contributions from the participants of this student conference.

The conference consisted of one invited lecture and six student lectures. The message of this meeting is to create a dialogue between students of electrochemistry and the mutual exchange of knowledge. All contributions are professionally processed and inspiring.

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Prípadové štúdie v dolovaní údajov

Prípadové štúdie v dolovaní údajov

E-book

E-book

Erik BruothJuraj ŠebejĽubomír Antoni

In these university-level textbooks, we present the fundamental concepts of networks and graph theory. We explore breadth-first and depth-first graph searching. We present static and dynamic network models. We describe the issue of detecting overlapping and non-overlapping communities in directed and undirected networks. Various approaches to anomaly detection in networks also form an important part of this textbook. The final chapter is dedicated to spectral clustering, which plays a significant role in data mining in network graphs for various application domains.

These textbooks are suitable for first and second-year university students in computer science programs. The study materials are also suitable for students in non-computer science fields, with the aim of improving their knowledge and practical experience in computer science-related areas, and provide an opportunity for students to find employment in IT companies to solve practical tasks.

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Základy znalostných systémov

Základy znalostných systémov

E-book

E-book

Ondrej Krídlo

University textbooks present the basics of knowledge systems, which are divided into two parts. The first part of the publication is devoted to the basis of Formal Concept Analysis, ie the method of data analysis, knowledge representation and information processing, which is based on the formalization of the concept. In the second part we deal with the basics of logic programming, procedural semantics of logic programming, ie programs - theories, questions, SLD-derivation, SLD-tree, search strategies.

University textbooks are intended for students of master's degree programs in computer science.

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The 4th International Conference on Nanomaterials: Fundamentals and Applications

The 4th International Conference on...

E-book

E-book

Jana ShepaIvana Šišoláková (eds.)

Abstracts of the 4th International Conference Nanomaterials: Fundamentals and Applications (NFA) 2020 is the contributions summary of the conference participants. The conference will feature three invited lectures and eight registered lectures. This conference is a tool for creating a dialogue between experts in the field of nanomaterials, their use and overall application in various fields. Papers in the proceedings are thematically divided into 6 areas. All contributions are highly professional and interesting and can contribute to further creative scientific work.

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ANATOMICKÉ TERMÍNY PRE JEDNOODBOROVÉ A MEDZIODBOROVÉ ŠTÚDIUM BIOLÓGIE

ANATOMICKÉ TERMÍNY PRE JEDNOODBOROVÉ A...

E-book

E-book

Juraj ŠevcFilip Mochnacký

Students studying biology as the single-subject or as a part of two-subject programs on various faculties of sciences are often encountered with the problem, how to limit the topics in the subject Human anatomy. This List of anatomical terms is aiming to help the non-medical students to get acquainted with the extensive anatomical nomenclature and to optimize the number of anatomical terms, which should be memorized, to preserve the sufficient capacity of the students for another knowledge of the field of systemic, comparative, developmental and functional anatomy. The emphasis on the arrangement of individual anatomical terms into the logical units supports the hierarchical view on the architecture of the human body.

Despite the common opinion, anatomical nomenclature represents a framework, which is during the further study gradually enveloped with the knowledge of more or less related disciplines concerning with the human body and its biological processes. Moreover, besides this ambition, which exceeds the area of the human anatomy, this List of anatomical terms continues the long tradition with respect to the valid Latin and Slovak anatomical terminology.

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Strojové učenie

Strojové učenie

E-book

E-book

Gabriela AndrejkováĽubomír Antoni

Machine learning addresses the issues of how computer programs recognize complex patterns and make decisions based on data. In these university textbooks, we focus on theoretical knowledge in the field of machine learning in which we present the creation of concepts for objects, the preparation of concepts, hypotheses and the process of learning from examples. We describe Boolean formulas and their representations, probabilistic learning, linear and logistic regression, linear modeling and classification. Clustering and the Bayesian approach to machine learning conclude this publication.

University textbooks are intended for students of master's degree programs in computer science.

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Internet vecí a jeho aplikácie

Internet vecí a jeho aplikácie

E-book

E-book

Ľubomír Antoni a kol.

In university textbooks, we present the basics of the Internet of Things, its origin and technological development, concept. We classify Internet of Things applications into the areas of healthcare, intelligent environment, personal and social areas, transport and logistics, smart cities.

We present an overview of university subjects in the field of the Internet of Things, which were created and innovated at Slovak universities within the national project IT Academy - Education for the 21st Century. We present extended subject annotations, application examples and case studies using various methods in the field of the Internet of Things.

University textbooks are intended for students of bachelor's, master's, engineering and doctoral study programs in computer science, but also in non-informatics fields.

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Jarná škola doktorandov 2020

Jarná škola doktorandov 2020

E-book

E-book

Peter Fedoročko (ed.)

Proceedings of the 7th Annual Doctoral Spring School 2020

From November 10 to November 11, 2020, the 7th annual Spring School for Doctoral Students at Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice will take place in Košice in a modified mode in the on-line space. The scientific program of the spring school will comprise 2 plenary lectures by leading scientific experts of Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice. Doctoral students will present their research papers in two sections: 24 doctoral students of Faculty of Public Administration, Faculty of Law and Faculty of Arts, and 22 doctoral students of Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Science.

The scientific programme of the spring school will also include a panel discussion with the management of Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice.

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Dátová veda a jej aplikácie

Dátová veda a jej aplikácie

E-book

E-book

Ľubomír Antoni a kol.

In university textbooks, we present the history of data science, basic concepts in artificial intelligence, machine learning, or deep learning. We describe the relationships between data science and other disciplines and summarize the tasks of the data scientist. We present an overview of university subjects in the field of data science, which were created and innovated at Slovak universities within the national project IT Academy - Education for the 21st Century. We present extended subject annotations, application examples and case studies using various methods in the field of data science. University textbooks are intended for students of bachelor's, master's, engineering and doctoral study programs in computer science, but also in non-informatics fields.

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Catalogue of Plant Collections No. 7

Catalogue of Plant Collections No. 7

E-book

E-book

Lenka MártonfiováPavol Mártonfi (eds.)

The Catalogue of Plant Collections contains a list of 4136 species, subspecies and cultivars of plants growing wild or grown in the Botanical Garden of the Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice (Slovakia). Among them 652 plant species endangered according to CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) are grown in the botanical garden as well as 39 autochtonous plant species are protected by Slovak law.

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Book of Abstracts - Conference 70 Years of Botanical Garden of Pavol Jozef Šafárik University

Book of Abstracts - Conference 70 Years of...

E-book

E-book

Lenka MártonfiováMartin SuvákPavol Mártonfi (eds.)

Conference 70 Years of the Botanical Garden of Pavol Jozef Šafárik University. Slovakia, Košice 3. – 4. September 2020

The book of abstracts from the conference with international participation includes 38 abstracts from a total of 76 authors from various botanical institutions from Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Germany, Poland, Ukraine and the United Kingdom.

It presents an overview of knowledge and experience from the history and the present of botanical research and nature conservation. In addition to botany and nature conservation, the abstracts also cover the field of plant physiology, production of secondary metabolites, environmental studies, management of protected areas, bioinformatics and other topical research problems. The main paper is dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the UPJŠ Botanical Garden, its history and the present and was prepared by the director of the UPJŠ Botanical Garden. It is completed by the papers from the staff of this botanical garden devoted to the current state of research and educational activities in the botanical garden.

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Vybrané heterocyklické zlúčeniny

Vybrané heterocyklické zlúčeniny

E-book

E-book

Mariana Budovská

The aim of writing the university textbook "Selected Heterocyclic Compounds" was to create a study aid for students of the Organic Chemistry program, which provides essential information in a clear format for the subject of Heterocyclic Compounds. In selecting the content of the textbook, the goal was to present basic information about the chemistry of the most significant heterocycles. Given that the summary of chemical knowledge about heterocycles is vast, it was not possible to include all heterocyclic compounds in the content.

The intention was for readers to orient themselves in the field of heterocyclic compounds. Separate chapters included in the content address the nomenclature of heterocycles, basic chemical properties of individual heterocycles, their synthesis and reactions, the occurrence of heterocycles in nature, and their practical applications (medications, dyes, pesticides, detergents, etc.).

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Sociologické aspekty verejnej správy

Sociologické aspekty verejnej správy

E-book

E-book

Eliška Župová

University textbooks are dedicated to the theoretical issues of sociological aspects for the needs of students in the study program of public administration and the study program of European public administration.

The publication's first chapter focuses on the attention of sociology from the perspective of its subject and its relationship to other scientific disciplines. The second part consists of chapters two to five and is dedicated to the history of sociology and the most significant figures in sociology from its inception to the present, as well as the developmental directions of classical and contemporary sociology. The third area addresses systematic sociology.

From a range of sociological topics, paradigms, and problems, this part of the publication is structured to provide students with fundamental knowledge from selected sociological aspects for their studies.

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Praktické cvičenia z röntgenovej difraktometrie

Praktické cvičenia z röntgenovej difraktometrie

E-book

E-book

Karel Saksl

The aim of these study texts is to provide students in the second and third levels of higher education with specific guidance on processing 2D diffraction data, performing phase analysis from X-ray diffraction data, and refining microstructural parameters of identified phases using the Rietveld refinement method.

This guide is designed in the form of real-world tasks from materials research and leads the reader step by step through the processes of processing, evaluating, and interpreting the measured data. For this purpose, freely accessible programs such as Fit2D, QualX, POV-Ray, and GSAS II will be used, as well as a freely downloadable commercial program (Diamond) that allows for task execution in demonstration mode. Phase analysis will be conducted exclusively using the freely distributable crystallographic database Crystallography Open Database (COD).

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Všeobecná fyzika IV, 1. časť: Atómová fyzika

Všeobecná fyzika IV, 1. časť: Atómová fyzika

E-book

E-book

Adela KravčákováStanislav VokálJanka Vrláková 

The presented “General Physics IV, Part 1: Atomic Physics” is intended as a basic study material for lectures from General Physics IV in the second year of bachelor-level study of physics and interdisciplinary study in combination with physics at the Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice. The content covers the first part of the given course of physics, devoted to atomic physics.

The aim of the course is to obtain basic information about the structure of the atom and the electron shell of the atom.

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Environment a jeho vybrané aspekty

Environment a jeho vybrané aspekty

E-book

E-book

Iveta CimbolákováHenrieta Pavolová

University textbooks focus on selected basic knowledge about the environment. They are centered on summarizing and cross-sectional characteristics, serving as a foundation for deepening knowledge within lectures or seminars on the given topic.

The textbooks are intended for first-year students of the "Sports and Recreation" study program at Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, as well as for anyone interested in expanding their environmental knowledge. In the prepared educational texts, "Environmental Risks, Their Impact, and Consequences on Population Health," we address topics such as environmental risks, their influence, and possible consequences on population health, which undoubtedly belong to environmental issues and care.

The list of literature in the textbooks provides more detailed information for those with a deeper interest in environmental issues.

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Byrokracia verzus vedomostná organizácia v prostredí verejnej správy

Byrokracia verzus vedomostná organizácia v...

E-book

E-book

Denisa RovenskáEliška Župová (eds.)

Proceedings of the Scientific Conference Held on November 14, 2019

The presented publication contains contributions oriented towards the environment of public administration organizations, which were presented by the authors in the form of lectures. The contributions focused on the issue of bureaucratic rules applied in various organizational and political processes and on the issue of knowledge organization from different perspectives. The information discussed during the scientific conference contributed to emphasizing the need to address this issue primarily from an interdisciplinary framework. It is precisely the integration of diverse knowledge and experiences from many scientific disciplines that ensures the comprehensiveness of understanding the researched topic in both its breadth and depth.

We would like to express sincere gratitude to the entire scientific committee and all reviewers for their time and willingness to participate in the creation and improvement of this publication.

We are honored to offer readers a collection whose content is interesting and informationally rich, and we also hope that it will inspire further research and create an environment for future stimulating discussions.

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Úvod do porovnávacej morfológie živočíchov

Úvod do porovnávacej morfológie živočíchov

E-book

E-book

Andrej Mock

The structure of the animal body is extremely varied. Each species has its distinctive morphological features, which bears as a testimony to long-term development and belonging to the developmental lineage. At the same time, the body has been tested for a long time by natural conditions, resulting in unique adaptations to the environment and life strategy. Despite this admirable variety - which includes both recent and fossil animals and which we have far from mapped – a comparison of body parts brings knowledge we can generalize: the main building principles, and boundaries within which phenotypic diversity is realized.

Comparative animal morphology today uses the latest methodological material and knowledge from other disciplines, from genetics, molecular biology and experimental embryology, through progressive imaging methods (e.g. electron microscopy, computer micro-tomography) and the possibilities of subsequent software processing of image material (measurement, staining, etc.) to the view of physics, chemistry, statics and geometry on the structures (to nanostructures) of the living body. Detailed knowledge of historical and contemporary conditions on Earth is an important interpretative context in the study of animal morphology. Surprisingly, the knowledge accumulated after centuries of research is now rapidly supplemented by new knowledge, and often the traditional knowledge is subsequently reinterpreted. Finally, and no less important, in studying animal (and human) morphology, we learn surprising knowledge about ourselves.

The author of the presented textbook had the ambition in a simplified form to introduce the reader, especially the student of biological studies, into a dynamic and fascinating scientific discipline, as the current comparative animal morphology is.

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Štruktúra a fyzikálno-chemické vlastnosti imunoglobulínov

Štruktúra a fyzikálno-chemické vlastnosti...

E-book

E-book

Gabriel Žoldák

The textbook is intended as background material for university students and for education in science, biotechnology, and medicine. During the textbook conception, the emphasis was on recent trends and development in the understanding of the physicochemical properties of immunoglobulins.

The textbook is divided into ten chapters and 294 pages dealing with the following topics: Immune system and immunoglobulins, General properties of immunoglobulins, Chemical and proteolytic cleavage of immunoglobulins, Structure of immunoglobulins I, Structure of immunoglobulins II, Detection of immunoglobulins, Post-purification and purification immunoglobulin modifications, Immunoglobulin stability and aggregation, Therapeutic immunoglobulins. In addition to the summary of the established knowledge about the properties of immunoglobulins, the textbook also contains new information collected from recent scientific publications.

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Základné laboratórne cvičenia z anorganickej chémie

Základné laboratórne cvičenia z anorganickej...

E-book

E-book

Zuzana VargováMiroslav Almáši - Juraj KuchárJana Dinajová 

The script „Základné laboratórne praktikum z anorganickej chémie“ builds on previous editions of the script, with some thematic units updated and supplemented with new knowledge, principles, and detailed work procedures.

This script is intended as a teaching aid for first-year students of the chemistry and interdisciplinary study programs at the Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice. The introductory part of the volume acquaints students with safety regulations that they should follow during work in a chemical laboratory. Subsequently, in five chapters, basic laboratory techniques are described in detail, which students will use in the further part of the practices for preparing inorganic compounds. These chapters are enriched with illustrative images created using the freely distributable ACDFreeLabs 10 program or taken from literature listed at the end of the script. Some images were created by the authors, and others were taken from the catalog of Fisher Slovakia, s.r.o., which provided written permission for their use. The chapters describing the preparation of inorganic compounds are organized according to their composition, from simple elements or molecules, through binary compounds, acids, and salts, to complex compounds.

Within this subject, students should apply their theoretical knowledge gained during lectures on General Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry and thereby acquire basic practical experience and skills that they will use in further studies.

The last two chapters were developed based on cooperation with Duslo a.s., Production Plant Strážske, which participates in the innovation of practical teaching through direct involvement of experts from practice as part of the KEGA project No. 008UPJŠ-4/2018.

Authors

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Rozvoj profesionálnych kompetentností

Rozvoj profesionálnych kompetentností

E-book

E-book

Denisa Rovenská

The textbook focuses on development of professional competencies and analyzes fields such as communication, leadership, goal setting, decision making, time management, teamwork, conflict and conflict strategies and stress management.

Particular chapters offer a summary of information needed to build a theoretical framework of the competencies along with various tasks or activities that should motivate to transform gained knowledge to practical level.

The professional competencies need to be developed and maintain in practical level, because this is the only way how to spread potential of knowledge and become truly competent in professional and private life, as well.

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Public Administration as a Provider of Public Services of a Social State

Public Administration as a Provider of Public...

E-book

E-book

Stanislav Konečný

The topic of our research task of the same name VEGA 1/0757/17 was based on the question – and was likewise defined in its approved project – how public administration as one of the providers of public services can act as efficiently as possible in favour of making these services available from the aspect (place of permanent residence) of the citizen.

This can be done with a certain optimality in the structure of public administration, primarily at the local, but also at the supra-local, e.g. regional, level. If, for example, the settlement structure is too disintegrated, or conversely the regional structure is too aggregated (or even too fragmented), various alternative solutions must be sought that are rational and optimal for satisfying citizens and that will not waste public resources.

In this, it is also questionable how the system of state administration authorities and local government authorities is reflected in this structure (in the case of known differences in their operation in both these regimes, or in a regime of delegated performance of state administration), including the conditions of funding these services as public services.

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Zborník publikovaných výstupov z riešenia úlohy VEGA 1/0757/17

Zborník publikovaných výstupov z riešenia úlohy...

E-book

E-book

Stanislav Konečný (ed.)

Public Administration as a Provider of Public Welfare State Services – Utilizing Foreign Experience for Reforms in the Slovak Republic

The vast majority of these publication outputs are relatively easily accessible to domestic readers, whether in print or electronic form. However, since several key published outputs are less accessible to Slovak readers for various reasons, we decided to reprint at least some of them in their Slovak-language versions in this collection. As all the texts reprinted here underwent proper peer review during their original publication, it was no longer necessary to review their Slovak-language versions again. For each published study, we therefore provide bibliographic details of its original publication, including the names of reviewers, scientific editors, and others.

Compiler

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Praktikum z molekulového modelingu

Praktikum z molekulového modelingu

E-book

E-book

Ladislav Janovec

An enormous progress in computer technology, closely linked with advances in computational chemistry, has enabled the user to exploit the principles of quantum chemistry to elucidate the chemical phenomena.

Computational chemistry is the branch of science that requires, except an academic knowledge, software skills to fully exploit a potential of theoretical methods. The aim of this textbook is to help the user take the legendary first step in the field of computational chemistry to opening a new horizon of knowledge.

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Book of abstracts - New trends in chemistry, research and education 2019

Book of abstracts - New trends in chemistry,...

E-book

E-book

Zuzana Orságová Králová (ed.)

The scientific book of abstracts is a summary of the contributions of teachers, scientists and other conference participants, which contain the original results of their scientific and research activities. Their work will be the subject of the next domestic conference "New trends in chemistry, research and education 2019". The conference is a space for dialogue between scientific academics on the one hand and professional staff and students on the other.

The contributions published in this volume can be divided according to content into the field of analytical, inorganic, physical, organic chemistry, biochemistry and didactics of chemistry. All contributions are interesting and can be used in further creative scientific and research work, in the process of education and in practical work.

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Kompetencie obecnej samosprávy a podiel štátu na ich uskutočňovaní

Kompetencie obecnej samosprávy a podiel štátu...

E-book

E-book

Martin VernarskýRastislav KrálOndrej MitaľJana Volochová (eds.)

The competences of local self-government units, together with the state's participation in their execution, represent a combination of factors that substantially determine image of contemporary local self-government subsystem in Slovak Republic.

Mentioned combination is not only a model that sets the way for the optimal adjustment of the local self-government functioning, but also represents authentic testimony of the state's attitude to the real importance of local self-government units as decentralized entity of public power.

Conference proceedings have a cross-sectional character. In this sense, the papers are not limited by the views of a single discipline. However, the key contribution of included papers might be a comprehensive view, how to improve actual tensions in local self-government theory and practice, which from the conceptional point of view deals with issues of local self-government units. Moreover, it fulfils the ambition of multidisciplinary scientific analysis focused on the position and competences of the local self-government in the context of an economic, political and legal perspective.

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Laboratórny potkan a jeho využitie v experimentálnej biológii

Laboratórny potkan a jeho využitie v...

E-book

E-book

Terézia KiskováStanislav MatéffyFrantiška Horváthová

The laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus) is one of the most commonly used experimental animals. It serves as a model organism for analyzing numerous biological processes and pathological mechanisms, such as cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders (e.g., lipid metabolism, diabetes mellitus), neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions (e.g., stroke, epilepsy, or Alzheimer's disease), neurobehavioral research, autoimmune diseases (e.g., arthritis), cancer, and renal diseases. It offers many unique advantages for modeling human diseases, testing drugs and natural substances, and studying responses to environmental factors. The size of the laboratory rat, compared to the mouse, creates ideal conditions for physiological manipulations. Additionally, rats are used in clinical toxicology to test chemical substances (Hedrich, 2000).

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