PRÁVO – OBCHOD – EKONOMIKA X.

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Jana Žuľová (ed.)

Collection of Scientific Works

Article 35 of the Constitution of the Slovak Republic guarantees everyone the right to freely choose their profession and receive training for it, as well as the right to engage in entrepreneurial or other gainful activity. Everyone has the right to freely decide whether to secure their livelihood through self-employment—with all the associated consequences and risks—or through employment within labor-law relationships by performing dependent work.

The framework and rules for exercising these rights are primarily regulated by labor, commercial, and tax legislation, each with its own set of rights and obligations applicable specifically to entrepreneurs and employees. Constant competitive pressure, along with the effects of economic crises, pushes employers to seek ways to extract the most from workers while optimizing for the lowest possible insurance, administrative, and tax costs. As a result, employment contracts are being terminated, and under the pressure of losing their income, individuals are "voluntarily" shifting to commercial-law relationships.

This situation, along with other distortions in the labor market, confronts those entitled to work with unfair practices by employers, thereby undermining their ability to freely exercise this fundamental right.

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Jana Žuľová(ed.)

Proceedings from the 1st Annual Student Symposium on Labor Law held on April 8–9, 2016 in Danišovce

Discussions on the topic of privacy are currently very topical and interesting. The advancement and progress of technology have added a new dimension to individual privacy. With the use of modern electronic devices, terms such as precious commodity, chimera, or illusion are increasingly associated with privacy. Workplaces have not remained immune to modernization either. Machines are replacing human labor, programming and planning the production process, but also controlling, monitoring, and recording the fulfillment of assigned work tasks.

The availability of technology and its implementation in employers’ operations intrude upon the personal and private sphere of employees, which is an inherent part of every person’s life and does not remain left behind the doors of the workplace. Proper and correct use of monitoring mechanisms by employers means not only mastering their technical installation at the workplace and covering the associated financial costs, but also respecting the privacy of employees.

It cannot be overlooked that the right to privacy is among the fundamental human rights and freedoms, enjoying the corresponding characteristics (inalienability, non-transferability, irrevocability, etc.) and appropriate legal protection. And even though it is not absolute and may be suspended in favor of another right (especially the employer’s right to protect their property), every intervention—such as comprehensive camera surveillance, monitoring of phone calls, email correspondence, blocking certain websites, etc.—always has adverse consequences for the privacy of the employee.

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Péter Miskolczi Bodnár

This monograph examines when the state has the right to intervene in the legal relationship between contracting parties, and if it is possible, when it can act as a legislator and/or a law applier and what the nature of the intervention may be. In this study, the limits related to the rights and obligations of the parties are scrutinized. The monograph delineates the theoretical frameworks of state intervention. The author distinguishes the forms of intervention concerning future contracts and those already concluded. The study lists the circumstances grounding the mandatory norms concerning future contracts with the presentation of Roman law. In the context of state influence on the content of contracts already concluded, judicial decisions play a stronger role than legislation and government measures also appear. The monograph presents the legislative measures affecting the contracts already concluded and the reasons thereof in a differentiated way, divided into different periods. In the author's view, World War I and especially the subsequent Treaty of Trianon brought a significant change in the assessment of state intervention, and therefore, he devotes special attention to the examination of this period. The monograph provides an outline of overview of the international tendencies of the period from the peace treaty to the present day. The study presents the era of Hungarian legislation being prone to make mandatory rules and delineates the relevant provisions of the applicable Hungarian law. At the end of the monograph the reader can find the author’s evaluative comments. While acknowledging the positive aspects of state involvement, attention should also be paid to the dangers of excessive state intervention in Eastern Europe.

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Jozef Suchoža - Ján Husár - Regina Hučková (eds.)

Collection of scientific works

The year 2020 has been marked globally by an unprecedented situation related to the spread of Covid-19 since its beginning. At the start of this calendar year, as our organizational team began preparing for another edition, we still hoped that our traditional autumn conference was far away, and in this maximum optimism, we launched the organization of the jubilee 10th edition of our now-traditional conference. This conference has become a stable part of scientific and professional conference events under domestic conditions and has become a stable part of many people's work programs. However, 2020 was almost entirely filled with restrictions from its start, with these restrictions affecting even the organization of conferences. Our 10th Law – Business – Economy Conference fell victim to this current situation and had to be canceled "with gritted teeth." The situation allows us nothing but hope that in 2021 we will be able to meet at our traditional location in High Tatras. We take these meetings for granted; if this situation is good for nothing else, it at least serves as a slowdown and an awareness of our own vulnerability.

See you at the next edition of Law-Business-Economics in October 2021.

You are receiving a collection of scientific papers published in connection with the resolution of scientific projects at the Department of Commercial Law and Economic Law as the main organizer of the scientific conference, as well as other departments of the Faculty of Law at UPJŠ in Košice, and many academic workplaces both domestically and abroad. The collection is published with support from the Agency for Support of Research and Development. The editors thank all who contributed to it with their scientific articles, as well as reviewers for their valuable comments and recommendations.

On behalf of the editors: Regina Hučková

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Marek Švec, Jana Žuľová

The collection of scientific contributions offers an interdisciplinary analysis of the challenges labour law faces due to digitalization and social change. Its main goal is to highlight potential synergies between the technological management of work processes and the promotion of diversity and inclusion in the workplace, with a focus on legal mechanisms that ensure equal opportunities and protect employees. The collection includes studies on various aspects of labour law protection, such as the prohibition of discrimination, transparency in algorithmic management, protection of individuals with diverse needs, and legislative challenges related to GDPR. It also features contributions to innovative remuneration systems and the protection of socially and health-disadvantaged groups, with special attention to employees of different sexual orientations and pregnant women. A significant portion of the work is dedicated to issues surrounding the use of artificial intelligence and algorithmic management in decision-making within labour relations. This publication serves as an insightful resource for academics, lawyers, students, and practitioners addressing modern employment law challenges, and it encourages further discussion on innovative approaches to contemporary labour law topics.

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Jozef Suchoža - Ján Husár - Regina Hučková

In 2020 and 2021, the tradition of holding the Law – Business – Economics conference was exceptionally interrupted due to the unprecedented situation associated with the spread of Covid-19. This year, the situation allows us to restore the tradition of our Tatra conference and, after two years, to once again meet in person with our traditional domestic and international participants. At the same time, we look forward to welcoming participants who are attending our conference for the first time (and we hope it will not be the last).

You are holding in your hands the proceedings of scientific papers, published in connection with the implementation of scientific projects at the scientific workplace – the Department of Commercial and Economic Law, as the main organizer of the scientific conference, as well as at other departments of the Faculty of Law at UPJŠ and at many academic institutions both at home and abroad. The proceedings are published with the support of the Slovak Research and Development Agency. The editors would like to thank everyone who contributed their scientific articles, as well as the reviewers for their valuable comments and recommendations.

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Adam Giertl (ed.)

Proceedings from the VII. annual student symposium on international law held on April 11-12, 2014 at the UPJŠ training facility in Danišovce

Despite this, flying and space travel are now a common part of human civilization. What is the role of law in this process? This is the question posed by the organizers of the VII. annual student symposium on international law, aiming to evaluate the contribution of international law in the field of aviation and space flights, especially in light of current developments.

The individual topics were tackled by second, third, and higher-year students of the Faculty of Law at UPJŠ in Košice. The result of their work on the assigned topics, which the authors could consult with members of the Institute of European Law and the Department of International Law, is the presented work.

The proceedings are thematically divided into two parts. The first part acquaints the reader with selected topics related to aviation law, and the second part is dedicated to international space law.

With its focus, the proceedings also have a broader impact, as in some aspects it fits into the broader context of research conducted at the Institute of European Law and the Department of International Law, which focuses on examining the influence of regionalism on general international law and vice versa. This issue is also reflected in the topics of the individual contributions.

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Marcel Dolobáč - Monika Seilerová (eds.)

The Proceedings presents papers from international scientific conference The Employees health care held on 6th and 8th June 2018 in High Tatras and is published as a partial outcome of the implementation of the project APVV-16- 0002 - Mental Health in the Workplace and Employee Health Assessment.

Pri hodnotení informačného veku sa ťažko uhýba streľbe fráz. Moderné technológie, internet, smartfóny, komunikačná technológia, či sociálne siete zmenili rytmus života na nepoznanie a svojim dosahom prekvapili aj samotných tvorcov. Možno takéto strohé hodnotenie znie až priveľmi povedome, snáď ako mnohokrát vyslovená fráza, ale je vskutku pravdivé. Rýchlo, obratom, hneď. ASAP. Heslá dnešnej doby. Pracovný život nevynímajúc. Namiesto uľahčenia práce a možnosti zosúladenia pracovného a rodinného života, čo je stále nenaplneným snom modelu flexikurity, moderné technológie prepletajú voľný čas s tým pracovným a nedokážu ich od seba oddeliť. Zamestnávateľ prostredníctvom emailu kladie požiadavky na neustálu online zapojenosť, z jeho pohľadu odpoveď možno zaberie iba pár minút, ale pripravený máme byť takmer vždy. Výsledkom je nezdravý, nadmerný, ba neustály stres. Stres sa stal takým fenoménom nového pracovného sveta, že mladí uchádzači o prácu sa vzájomne predbiehajú v tom, že práve oni vedia pracovať pod stresom, bez obáv zvládajú stresové situácie, dokonca majú stres radi, vyhľadávajú ho a túžia v stresovom prostredí pracovať. Nuž, nevedia, nezvládajú a netúžia ... ak, iba dočasne.

Nové stresové faktory sú predmetom skúmania nielen prírodných vied, najmä medicíny, ale aj humanitných vedných odborov, vrátane psychológie a práva. Autor tohto predhovoru s potešením konštatuje, že viacerí odborníci z týchto tieto zdanlivo vzdialených odborov sa stretli na spoločnej konferencii pod gesciou grantovej úlohy APVV-16-0002 Duševné zdravie na pracovisku a posudzovanie zdravotnej spôsobilosti zamestnanca a vzájomne si vymieňali poznatky a myšlienky. Vzájomná interdisciplinárna interakcia sa stáva základom pre nové poňatie problematiky a inšpiratívne metódy skúmania.

Zborník predstavuje výsledky prednesov prezentovaných na spoločnej konferencii s názvom Starostlivosť o zdravie zamestnancov, ktorá sa konala v dňoch 6. až 8. júna 2018 v Hornom Smokovci, vo Vysokých Tatrách. Veríme, že jeho obsah zaujme a podnieti i vás, čitateľov.

JUDr. Marcel Dolobáč, PhD.

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Alexander Bröstl - Marta Breichová Lapčáková - Martin Štrkolec (eds.)

Collection of scientific papers by doctoral students.

Thematically, the contributions are diverse: they feature fundamental principles in public law (basic principles of criminal proceedings, the principle of contradiction, basic principles of constitutional court proceedings, basic principles in private law and procedural law (superficies solo cedit), the principle of civil court proceedings in deciding labor disputes, equality of participants and the duty to instruct, objection of bias in light of the right to an impartial court, the principle of speed and the principle of economy in the decision-making activities of general courts, basic principles in legal theory and international law (general legal principles recognized by civilized nations), coexistence of the principle of equality and the principle of non-discrimination in the legal order of the European Union, argumentation through the principle of rule of law in the decision-making activities of courts, the impact of fundamental principles on the interpretation of legal norms.

It is important that the authors, i.e., doctoral students from law faculties in the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic, almost unanimously examine these principles in the process of application (interpretation) of law, from the perspective of how legal (primarily judicial) practice deals with them. This should be fundamentally welcomed and appreciated.

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Valéria Ružičková (ed.)

Proceedings of the XIVth Student Symposium on International Law and European Law.

For the XIV Year of Student Symposium on International Law and European Law under the topic „Artificial Intelligence from the Perspective of Law“, students of the Faculty of Law and the Faculty of Science prepared several papers regarding current questions related to the ongoing development of the artificial intelligence. From the legal point of view, the papers regard the importance of the artificial intelligence in human activities in space, its impact on fundamental rights, development of new human rights in relation to its application in healthcare and nursing care as well as personal data protection while making use of the artificial intelligence.

Apart from the papers concerning the artificial intelligence from the legal perspective, two of the papers regard the artificial intelligence from the scientific perspective, explaining the importance of the artificial intelligence in localization in indoor environment as well as its importance in prediction of healthcare costs.

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Renáta Bačárová, Kristián Vassay (eds.)

The proceedings Consumers and Traders Online: Legal and Economic Challenges of Digital Markets present a collection of scientific studies addressing contemporary issues of digital market functioning within the European Union. The contributions analyse legal, economic and technological dimensions of digital services, particularly in the context of the VEGA project 1/0431/23 focused on the conflict of interests between consumers and traders in the delivery of digital content and services. The studies highlight the dynamic growth of the digital economy, bringing new regulatory challenges, issues of data protection and enforcement of consumer rights. The authors examine topics such as geographical indications in the digital environment, the use of artificial intelligence in public enforcement, fintech regulation, liability for damages, and the impacts of the Digital Services Act (DSA) and the Digital Markets Act (DMA). The proceedings also expose increasing fragmentation of responsibility across digital actors and emphasise the need for a harmonised EU regulatory framework. Further attention is given to evolving consumer behaviour, cybersecurity risks, deepfake technologies, the functioning of online marketplaces and digital payment systems. A significant part of the analysis addresses the role of major online platforms, their obligations and influence on transparency in digital markets. The publication offers an interdisciplinary perspective combining law, economics and technology, representing an important contribution to the discourse on modern consumer protection in the digital era.

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Ľuboš Dobrovič - Vladimír Vrana

The world of diplomacy, whether ancient or modern, is naturally prone to problems associated with cultural clashes and often serves as an “unarmed battlefield” of cultural concepts. International diplomacy, however, stands on the assumption of war, as misunderstandings and cultural discrepancies lead to confusion. Cultural encounters also provide many opportunities for the choice of misunderstanding: the choice to perceive an act as an insult, even if unintended, or the choice to ignore the most blatant intentional insult, all according to momentary expediency.

The Roman historian Livy recounts an anecdote about the gates of the Temple of Janus, which, when open, signified that Rome was at war. However, the doors of the ancient Temple of Janus were closed only twice from the beginning of the 7th century BC to the end of the 1st century BC. One might ask, how many times and for how long after the signing of the Treaty of Trianon were the metaphorical gates of the European (or global) Temple of Janus closed?

The publication that the reader holds in their hands does not attempt to exhaustively answer all questions of ancient and modern international diplomacy. That is neither possible nor the goal of this scientific monograph. Authors seeking intersections between diplomacy of antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the early 20th century encountered some thought-provoking ideas and controversial debates. Indeed, what other conclusions can the topic of the Treaty of Trianon and the perpetual clash of cultures in the Mediterranean antiquity and medieval Europe bring?

We believe that the topic of ancient and modern diplomacy will inspire the reader and stimulate the professional public to new ideas, reflections, and scholarly activity.

The scientific monograph was prepared as an output of the project of the Agency for the Support of Research and Development No. APVV-19-0419: "100 years of the Treaty of Trianon."

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Laura Gazdagová-Bartolomej Mižák-Vladyslava Kryvoshei
Technological development is increasingly reshaping the environment in which international law operates. Rapid digitalization, global interconnectedness, and the emergence of new technologies raise questions that traditional legal norms are not always prepared to address. New forms of cross-border interactions, security challenges, and ethical dilemmas influence the functioning of states, international organizations, and other actors. Against this backdrop, discussions are evolving on how international law can maintain its relevance in an era of rapid innovation and how it may adapt to a dynamic technological landscape.
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Sergej Romža - Veronika Tóthová - Bronislava Vinnerová (eds.)

The Collection of scientific contributions nationwide interdisciplinary scientific conference with international participation

The text book of scientific contributions The value direction of criminal law is the output of a nationwide interdisciplinary scientific conference with international participation organized by the Department of Criminal Law of the Faculty of Law of the UPJŠ in Košice. The proceedings contain contributions focused on issues of the value direction of criminal law, both in the field of substantive and procedural law.

This is a highly topical issue, as the values of law as such are reflected in each of its areas. In view of social events, the constant amendment of the criminal codes and, in particular, the forthcoming amendment of both the Criminal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure, we consider the topic of the conference and the title of the text book to be highly topical, without significant limits in scientific research.

In their contributions, the participants of the national interdisciplinary scientific conference with international participation also devoted themselves to reflections de lege ferenda and offer insights into the above-mentioned amendments to the criminal codes into practice as well as their upcoming amendments.

The aim of the published proceedings is to continue to improve and develop new knowledge in the field of criminal law in the light of the new rules, while adhering to all established values, on the basis of the previous professional knowledge.

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Žofia Mrázová (ed.)

Proceedings of Contributions from the V. Student Symposium on Commercial Law

The proceedings are the result of student works presented at the fifth annual student symposium organized by the Department of Commercial Law and Economic Law, Faculty of Law, UPJŠ in Košice, which took place on November 30 – December 1, 2017, at the UPJŠ educational and training facility in Danišovce.

This year’s symposium focused on problematic issues related to creditor rights protection in commercial contractual relationships.

The purpose of these annually organized symposia is to provide students with a platform to present their own opinions and improve their analytical and argumentation skills.

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Daniela Lamačková-Renáta Orosová- Beáta Sakalová- Diana Repiščáková

Methodological guide for teachers for classroom lessons and civics Teaching law experientially? Is it even possible? The answers to these questions are provided by a methodological guide that uniquely links experiential learning methods with legal content. This methodological guide is a set of techniques based on the use of interactive and participatory learning methods, focusing on selected human rights and value-oriented topics, which also have the potential to develop other key competences of students, such as their communication skills, their ability to learn and educate independently, their ability to think critically, their ability to work with and analyse texts, their ability to discuss and express their opinions, and their ability to listen to each other. The methodological guide consists of a set of training activities - techniques, while each technique contains a precise description of the procedure for conducting a specific activity, the expected duration of the activity, aids, discussion topics and also a short pedagogical and legal commentary, precisely "tailored" to the specific legal topic. The legal topics are chosen to be generally applicable to both classroom and civics lessons, to raise questions about the functioning of rules and the need to respect them, mutual respect and tolerance, and to encourage reflection on the limits of individual rights and on responsibility in exercising one's rights. The techniques use training methods such as group work, brainstorming, role-playing, dealing with model situations, as well as a simulated court process. The methodological guide is intended for classroom teachers in the implementation of classroom lessons, and also for the purposes of the subject of civics, as well as for students of pedagogy at the Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice.

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