Novelizovaný zákonník práce 2023

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Monika Minčičová - Marcel Dolobáč - Jana Žuľová (eds.)

Peer-reviewed proceedings of the scientific conference

Health determines an individual's life in all activities and interests, including the possibility and ability to work. Work and health are in the mutual interaction. Work leads to social inclusion, financial self-sufficiency, finding confirmation of one's own usefulness or achieving personal ambitions. Work can have therapeutic effects, but at the same time it can have an adverse effect on health.

Overlapping factors of work environment, alone or in combination with non-work influences, can lead to illnesses that temporarily or permanently exclude an employee from his or her profession. For these reasons, health enjoys fundamental legal protection as one of the most important values, not only in labour relations.

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Jana Žuľová - Milena Barinková 

Legal norms regulate everyday life. We learn about the rights and obligations that arise for us from these norms through language. It is therefore very important that they are created in such a way that all levels of society understand them, not only recipients with legal education.

The Labour Code is a norm of everyday use, and so far there is no publication that approximates or clarifies the understanding of the provisions of this law through the prism of its language. The main goal of the publication is to apply the acquired linguistic knowledge about the pitfalls of the comprehensibility of legal language for the general public to the Labour Code and thus enable its more adequate understanding. Our ambition is not a comprehensive interpretation of the provisions of the Labour Code, which give the impression of incomprehensibility for the average addressee.

We focused on selected problematic phenomena observed and identified during the solution of the VEGA grant project no. 1/0526/17 Linguistic and Sanctioning Mechanisms in the Creation and Operation of Labor Law Norms and strived for a conceptual approach to their examination enriched by empirical research.

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Milena Barinková (ed.)

Proceedings from the IV Annual Student Symposium on Labor Law held on April 5–6, 2019, in Danišovce

The term "Industrial Revolution 4.0" is currently widely used, yet remains mysterious and its content unfamiliar to many. While we do not claim omniscience, through the educational process at the Faculty of Law of Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice and the scientific research of the Department of Labor Law and Social Security Law, we have delved into examining the accompanying features and anticipated phenomena of this modern industrial revolution.

It can be stated with great certainty that this revolution already affects—and will continue to affect—production processes, including radical changes in their structure, the emergence of groundbreaking technological and communication tools, and, undoubtedly, labor relations. The rise of new forms and methods of work based on automation and digitalization, applied within new models of labor relations, is beginning to threaten jobs in certain sectors of the economy. There is an increasing demand for specialized qualifications and skills, particularly in information technology, with an emphasis on process digitalization, data processing, and the creation of communication networks connecting objects and people. This intelligent industry inevitably disqualifies many existing jobs from their current structures, leading to job losses for numerous employees. Analysts openly predict that by 2030, robots will replace up to 20 million industrial jobs worldwide.

The vision of which occupations or working conditions will be impacted is becoming increasingly concrete. Radical changes will require radical solutions as well as previously unknown movements and new elements or measures in the labor market.

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Marcel Dolobáč - Ľuboš Dobrovič - Ivan Kundrát

Hypothesis, disposition, sanction. The standard tripartite structure of a legal norm, which is taught to first-year law students. Three concepts that students undoubtedly master from their perspective, yet they simultaneously challenge legal science, which repeatedly revisits them. The publication does not aim to theoretically address all aspects of the legal norm; it focuses solely on one of them, and as the title suggests, that is the sanction.

The monograph has been developed by three authors, whose contributions are equal; they engaged in debates and often could not reach a consensus. We hope that the reader will also join this debate and that the presented monograph will inspire further reflection and scientific activity.

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Jana Žuľová (ed.)

Collection of Scientific Works

Article 35 of the Constitution of the Slovak Republic guarantees everyone the right to freely choose their profession and receive training for it, as well as the right to engage in entrepreneurial or other gainful activity. Everyone has the right to freely decide whether to secure their livelihood through self-employment—with all the associated consequences and risks—or through employment within labor-law relationships by performing dependent work.

The framework and rules for exercising these rights are primarily regulated by labor, commercial, and tax legislation, each with its own set of rights and obligations applicable specifically to entrepreneurs and employees. Constant competitive pressure, along with the effects of economic crises, pushes employers to seek ways to extract the most from workers while optimizing for the lowest possible insurance, administrative, and tax costs. As a result, employment contracts are being terminated, and under the pressure of losing their income, individuals are "voluntarily" shifting to commercial-law relationships.

This situation, along with other distortions in the labor market, confronts those entitled to work with unfair practices by employers, thereby undermining their ability to freely exercise this fundamental right.

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Jaroslav Dolný - Monika Seilerová (eds.)

The collection of contributions from the VII. Student Symposium on Commercial Law and Labor Law held on December 5, 2019, at the Faculty of Law of Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice

The theme of this year's symposium provided students with the opportunity to choose between addressing issues related to commercial law or focusing on labor law aspects concerning the position of members of the governing bodies of commercial companies, based on an analysis of legal regulations and case law.

The creative exploration of commercial law questions particularly related to areas such as the manner of acting on behalf of a commercial company, the liability of the de facto statutory body of a commercial company, information obligations of the statutory body towards its shareholders, and the remuneration for serving as a member of the board of directors of a joint-stock company. It also addressed the liability of the statutory body for the insolvency of the company and the enforcement of non-competition clauses concerning managing directors of limited liability companies.

The connection between commercial law and labor law was directed towards a legal analysis of personal data protection related to health and its misuse by members of the governing bodies of commercial companies, as well as the legitimacy of concurrently holding a position (as a member) in a statutory body with an employment relationship, and the legal status of senior employees, particularly concerning their duties and responsibilities for ensuring employee health through creating healthy working conditions.

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Marek Švec, Jana Žuľová

The collection of scientific contributions offers an interdisciplinary analysis of the challenges labour law faces due to digitalization and social change. Its main goal is to highlight potential synergies between the technological management of work processes and the promotion of diversity and inclusion in the workplace, with a focus on legal mechanisms that ensure equal opportunities and protect employees. The collection includes studies on various aspects of labour law protection, such as the prohibition of discrimination, transparency in algorithmic management, protection of individuals with diverse needs, and legislative challenges related to GDPR. It also features contributions to innovative remuneration systems and the protection of socially and health-disadvantaged groups, with special attention to employees of different sexual orientations and pregnant women. A significant portion of the work is dedicated to issues surrounding the use of artificial intelligence and algorithmic management in decision-making within labour relations. This publication serves as an insightful resource for academics, lawyers, students, and practitioners addressing modern employment law challenges, and it encourages further discussion on innovative approaches to contemporary labour law topics.

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 Marcel Dolobáč a kol. 

Učebnica s názvom Vybrané otázky sociálneho práva Európskej únie prierezovo spracúva najzásadnejšie otázky pracovného práva a práva sociálneho zabezpečenia v Európskej únii. V úvodných statiach učebnice sa autori zamerali na objasnenie základnej terminológie a stručne poukazujú na vývoj sociálneho práva v Únii. Ďalšie kapitoly práce postupne vysvetľujú vybranú problematiku ktorá celkovo dotvára sociálne právo Európskej únie, konkrétne – voľný pohyb zamestnancov, zákaz diskriminácie, flexibilitu pracovných vzťahov prostredníctvom atypických pracovných pomerov, dočasné pridelenie zamestnancov, ochranu osobitných kategórií zamestnancov, ochranu osobných údajov, oblasť bezpečnosti a ochrany zdravia pri práci, ochranu práv zamestnancov pri prevode, prechode zamestnávateľa a jeho platobnej neschopnosti, kolektívnu ochranu práv zamestnancov a napokon uplatňovanie systémov sociálneho zabezpečenia. Učebnica analyzuje predovšetkým úniovú úpravu s akcentom na rozhodnú judikatúru Súdneho dvora Európskej únie, vnútroštátny právny poriadok objasňuje iba vo vybraných problematických oblastiach. 

Autori

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Jana Žuľová(ed.)

Proceedings from the 1st Annual Student Symposium on Labor Law held on April 8–9, 2016 in Danišovce

Discussions on the topic of privacy are currently very topical and interesting. The advancement and progress of technology have added a new dimension to individual privacy. With the use of modern electronic devices, terms such as precious commodity, chimera, or illusion are increasingly associated with privacy. Workplaces have not remained immune to modernization either. Machines are replacing human labor, programming and planning the production process, but also controlling, monitoring, and recording the fulfillment of assigned work tasks.

The availability of technology and its implementation in employers’ operations intrude upon the personal and private sphere of employees, which is an inherent part of every person’s life and does not remain left behind the doors of the workplace. Proper and correct use of monitoring mechanisms by employers means not only mastering their technical installation at the workplace and covering the associated financial costs, but also respecting the privacy of employees.

It cannot be overlooked that the right to privacy is among the fundamental human rights and freedoms, enjoying the corresponding characteristics (inalienability, non-transferability, irrevocability, etc.) and appropriate legal protection. And even though it is not absolute and may be suspended in favor of another right (especially the employer’s right to protect their property), every intervention—such as comprehensive camera surveillance, monitoring of phone calls, email correspondence, blocking certain websites, etc.—always has adverse consequences for the privacy of the employee.

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Alexander Bröstl a kol.

Učebný text z teórie práva sa pokúša priblížiť a objasniť právo vo všetkých dôležitých javových formách predovšetkým študentom prvého ročníka právnického štúdia a má propedeutický charakter. Vychádza z historického vývoja názorov na pojem právo a zo skúmania jeho rôznych významov. Hľadá spoločné znaky a odlišnosti medzi právnymi normami a inými normami správania (morálka, spravodlivosť). Dôraz kladie na skúmanie práva ako súboru právnych pravidiel vydaných a uznaných legitímnou autoritou, záväzných pre všetky subjekty právnych vzťahov. Klasifikuje systém práva a jeho štruktúru. Od tvorby práva prechádza k prameňom práva, so zreteľom na systém práva Slovenskej republiky, ale aj Európskej únie. V nadväznosti na pramene práva predkladá analýzu právnych noriem: ich pojem, znaky, štruktúru, druhy a pôsobnosť. Právne vzťahy vo svetle ich predpokladov a prvkov chápe ako vzťahy upravované právnymi normami. S realizáciou a aplikáciou práva súvisí výklad práva, spojený s otázkami analógie v práve. Právna zodpovednosť je prezentovaná ako ústredná právna kategória vychádzajúca zo schopnosti (nevyhnutnosti) niesť následky svojho konania: predmetom pozornosti sú predovšetkým objektívna zodpovednosť a subjektívna zodpovednosť. Záverečná časť sa týka právneho štátu ako ideálneho „miesta deja“ vo vzťahu k opísaným formám práva a ich uskutočňovaniu, zaoberá sa historickým vývojom i súčasným stavom modelov Rechtsstaat – Rule of Law, ako aj princípmi ich fungovania. Učebný text má poskytnúť orientáciu v základných pojmoch a odkázať na bohaté zdroje odbornej literatúry, ktoré možno študovať paralelne.

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Marcel Dolobáč

The author's ambition is to build on the current and at the same time to stimulate further discussion of the anchoring of labour law in the system of private law sectors and to contribute to the variation of views in relation to freedom of contract and its limits in labour law. The broad contractual freedom of civil law does not apply to the field of labour law, and thus the penetration of standard civil law institutes into labour law relations is not always self-evident.

The above constitutes the main theses of the present monograph. The issue of freedom of contract in labour law can be grasped in several ways. The author has chosen a content structure that is built on three basic pillars. In the first part, the author assesses the position of labour law in the system of law, which is determined primarily by the actual subject of legal regulation - dependent labour and the specific method of legal regulation through cogent and relatively cogent norms. In this context, the author would like to note at the outset that the much-discussed dispositive nature of labour law norms appears to be merely presumptive. Labour law is built on minima and maxima, with relative mandatory norms being the building blocks of fixed boundaries, a fact that distinguishes labour law from other branches of private law. These considerations are followed by the author's view of autonomy of will in labour law. The limits of contractual freedom (not only) in the theoretical sense form the second pillar of the author's ideas.

Finally, the third part of the thesis is to be the one that translates the theoretical-legal considerations of the interconnection of civil law and labour law into the interpretation of selected civil law institutes and the possibility of their application and implementation in labour law relations.

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Natália Kalinák-Andrej Oriňak

The Department of Commercial Law and Economic Law together with the Department of Labour Law and Social Security Law of the Faculty of Law of UPJŠ in Košice organized the 8th annual student symposium, this time on commercial, labour and private international law, which took place at the Faculty of Law of UPJŠ in Košice on 1 December 2023. The student symposium under the title Commercial and Labour Law on a Common Wave was carried out as part of the research projects VEGA 1/0259/22 and VEGA č. 1/0291/23. The aim of the annual symposia is to create a discussion platform for students under the supervision of mentors from among the members of the department, namely teachers, researchers and PhD students. The theme of this year's symposium brought about discussion of interesting theoretical and practical legal issues thematically focused on the synergy of business law and labour law. The students addressed topical issues related to the status of entrepreneurs, the conduct of companies in labour law relations as well as the duties and responsibilities of employees. The topics of the sharing economy, gender quotas in corporate bodies and unfair bribery were not forgotten. While working on individual topics, students had the opportunity to improve their analytical thinking and argumentation skills, while they could practice writing a legal professional text, which in practice often increases the success of every lawyer. Students had the opportunity to develop their critical thinking and learn how to clearly formulate their own opinions on current legal issues. After the presentation of the papers, not only the team of lecturers and researchers, but also the students themselves engaged in a fruitful discussion, asking a number of original questions. Each student participant was awarded a certificate for their active participation in the symposium. The present proceedings are the outcome of the students' work from this event.

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Žofia Mrázová Natália Kalinák

On November 28, 2025, the Department of Commercial Law and Economic Law, in cooperation with the Department of Labor Law and Social Security Law of the Faculty of Law at UPJŠ in Košice, organized the 10th anniversary student symposium focused on commercial law, labor law, and IT law. The symposium, entitled "Decision-making practice of judicial authorities in private law II," built on the success of the previous year and once again provided students with an opportunity to showcase their analytical skills and legal creativity. The symposium was prepared as part of the APVV-23-0331 scientific project "Integration of the Capital Markets Union: Changes in Corporate Financing and the Rescue of Commercial Companies in Financial Difficulties."

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 Vladimíra Žofčinová 

Predkladané vysokoškolské učebné texty tvoria základný učebný text, ktorý nemá ambíciu podať komplexný obraz pracovného práva. Z uvedeného dôvodu, pri tvorbe týchto učebných textov sa môže zdať, že niektoré kapitoly sú príliš stručné a iné neobvykle rozsiahle, vzhľadom na zameranie výučby predmetu Pracovnoprávne vzťahy vo verejnej správe v študijnom odbore Verejná politika a verejná správa. Zámerom autorky textu je uľahčiť pochopenie základných atribútov pracovného práva prostredníctvom identifikácie ťažiskových právnych inštitútov a právne významných väzieb medzi nimi s ohľadom na verejnoprávne zameranie.

Autorka

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Katarína Skolodová - Monika Minčičová (eds.)

Proceedings of the 5th Year of the Student Symposium of Labour Law

New trends in the digital age around the world do not avoid the labour market and the labour law relations. Do labour law standards and employers' practices correspond to the actual factors that influence an individual's physical or mental condition? Does digitization, including artificial intelligence, bring improvements or threats? Is the protection of employees' mental health paid equal attention that to the protection of physical health? The Department of Labour Law and Social Security Law of the Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice examines and analyzes legal aspects of new risks that threaten and affect individual health in the work environment within the researching of the project APVV-16-0002 - Mental Health in the Workplace and Employee Health Assessment.

The members of the department, with the theme of the 5th year of the student symposium "New Challenges of Employees´ Health Protection" created an opportunity for students to search deeper current legal issues and reflect the results of their creative work in the submitted papers. The proceedings of papers of the student symposium is rich in content and offers the reader the space to get acquainted with interesting questions and application problems accompanying them.

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Eliška Župová et al.

Research into justice in public administration organizations has not yet been conducted in Slovakia, not even in the scope of respondents addressed. Therefore, we consider the project cross-sectional, current, and beneficial for deeper exploration of this area.

The project is designed as interdisciplinary, combining insights from legal perspectives in defining justice from labor law aspects, psychological and ethical evaluations of fairness levels, and knowledge from public administration management fields.

The inspiration for selecting this topic stems from its academic relevance, confirmed by both domestic and international studies, as well as its public relevance, where laypeople most intensely perceive justice/injustice in relation to remuneration and appropriate labor-law conditions – exemplified by teachers’ strikes (2003, 2006, 2016), nurses’ strikes (2003, 2006, 2012, 2016), ŽSR employees’ strikes (2003), and doctors’ strikes (2011).

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