IV.SLOVENSKO-ČESKÉ DNI DAŇOVÉHO PRÁVA

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Alexander Bröstl - Marta Breichová Lapčáková (eds.)

The presented Collection Volume is dedicated to three framework areas, namely justice, community and freedom. These are the thematic areas of the 30th IVR World Congress, on the occasion of which a meeting of its Slovak section was held. The published contributions focus on the main topic of the congress, which is also the central topic of legal and social sciences. Thus, in the Collection we will find reflections on the freedom of the individual in society, its various shades of meaning and forms. The question of the organization of social relations in the form of the degree of participation of citizens in state power in the context of the democratic form of government and its current challenges should not be neglected either. Thus, the institutions of direct and indirect democracy, the dangers of the lures of the so-called totalitarian democracy, or the question of identities in a postmodern pluralistic society. The question of justice in procedural law is not avoided either. The collection thus provides the reader with a wide area of research from legal-philosophical questions, through questions of the theory of the constitutional state, to their application in legal practice. Geographically, it maps the events in the Central European and wider European area with an impact on their global dimension. The publication can thus become a useful source of knowledge and current developments in jurisprudence and its main topics with the aim of a better understanding of social reality.

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Marcel Dolobáč • Ľuboš Dobrovič • Ivan Kundrát

Hypotéza, dispozícia, sankcia. Štandardné trojčlenenie právnej normy, ktoré sa prednáša poslucháčom právnických fakúlt v prvom ročníku ich štúdia. Tri pojmy, ktoré študenti z ich pohľadu nepochybne ovládajú, súčasne však trápia právnu vedu, ktorá sa k nim opakovane vracia. Publikácia nemá ambíciu sa v teoretickom ponímaní zamerať na všetky aspekty právnej normy, zameriava sa len na jeden z nich a ako samotný názov napovedá, je nim sankcia.

Teoretické prístupy k chápaniu pojmu sankcia nie sú jednotné. V pracovnom práve zvlášť. Teoreticko-právne zistenia sú ťažiskom prvej časti monografie, ktorá predstavuje vstup do aplikačných problémov zachytených v druhej časti pojednávajúcej o súkromnoprávnych sankciách v pracovnom práve.

Druhá časť, súkromnoprávne sankcie. Hoc laický čitateľ, ktorý vezme publikáciu do rúk a nahliadne do druhej časti, okamžite nachytá kolektív autorov. Oprávnene sa môže zaraziť, že pri sankciách nevidí skončenie pracovného pomeru, veď aká iná sankcia sa uplatní voči zamestnancovi, ak nie výpoveď, okamžité skončenie pracovného pomeru či skončenie v skúšobnej dobe? Bezpochyby pravda. Autori sa priznávajú, opomenuli skončenie pracovného pomeru, upozornenie na porušenie pracovnej disciplíny a aj odmeňovanie. Ide však o natoľko komplexné témy, že ich zachytenie v monografii so snahou o nový, iný náhľad na sankcie by bolo len cestovným poriadkom, nie poctivou analýzou. Zámerom autorov bol pohľad na menej pertraktované sankcie, ktoré dopĺňajú už vyššie spomenuté možnosti skončenia pracovného pomeru.

Tretia časť, verejnoprávne sankcie. Mnohé normy pracovného práva sa svojim sémantickým zložením javia ako imperfektné bez účinnej zákonnej sankcie, čo možno vnímať ako oslabenie objektívnych normatívnych modalít, ktorými sú dovolenie a nedovolenie. Nie je tomu však tak. Kolektív autorov považuje pracovné právo primárne za odvetvie súkromného práva, avšak nemožno opomenúť výrazný zásah verejného 6 práva do súkromnoprávnych, resp. pracovnoprávnych vzťahov. Odráža sa najmä vo verejnej povahe sankcií.

Naostatok ešte jedna poznámka. Monografiu spracovali traja autori, ktorých vklad je rovnocenný, viedli polemiky a v mnohom sa nevedeli zhodnúť. Dúfame, že aj čitateľ sa do tohto názorového sporu pripojí a predložená monografia ho podnieti k úvahám a ďalšej vedeckej činnosti.

Monografia bola spracovaná ako výstup projektu VEGA č. 1/0526/17 Lingvistické a sankčné mechanizmy pri tvorbe a pôsobení noriem pracovného práva.

Autori

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Terézia Hišemová • Darina Kmecová (eds.)

Reviewed proceedings of scientific papers of Conference of Slovak and Czech law romanists, which take place at May, 10.-11.5.2018, at Faculty of Law, UPJŠ in Košice.

The submitted reviewed proceeding of scientific papers on „The loan or usury? Compulsory enforcement of roman - law basics and problems of application practice.”  is prepared within the solution of the grant project VEGA on: „The loan or usury? Compulsory enforcement of historical - law basics and problems of application practice.”, no. p. 1/0198/17.

The authors of papers are important personalities of Roman law working in the Slovak and Czech Republic, as well as PhD students and young scientists from Slovak and foreign universities who are active in the academic environment as well as in legal practice. The main goal of the editors is to help improve the current legal situation, which is assessed as unsatisfactory, and through a historical excursion of the development of the loan institute and then the forced execution of the decision, to create de lege ferenda proposals considering all areas of research.

The Proceedings trace the interrelationships between the substantive law institute in terms of the Roman law of contractus unilaterales - mutuum in its various types, often realized by the attachment of high interest rates, which bordered on the insurrection and the procedural law of individual lawsuits enforced in the legislative, formular and cognitive process. If there was no possibility to impose certain behaviour on the obligated person (the debtor, the sentenced person), then the declared general obligation to enforce the legal norms was only a legal term. It has always been the case that every internally well-organized state, whether antique or present, has to use power tools - often with the use of gross violence - but within the limits of the law, to promote what it has declared valid law. It must protect creditors on the one hand, but it must also prevent self-help and the use of illegal, unjustified and disproportionate violence.

The loan contract as a real contract has often become an integral part and relatively the most frequent reason leading to the compulsory enforcement, especially when contracting parties often agree on the connection of interest - sometimes within the legal limit, sometimes exceeding the legal framework - and in this way the potential future creditor (the plaintiff) significantly increased the insolvency risk of the debtor (the defendant, the sentenced) and of the subsequent execution. The pronounced and deepening social stratification of the Roman population and the secondary depreciation effort, the cancellation of the debts of the poor part of the population logically culminated in social unrest and revolt against the enforcement of the enforcement law.

The proceedings capture not only the rich scientific discussion of Slovak and Czech legal Romanists, but also the opinions, experience and knowledge of experts on contemporary law dealing with this type of issues. As a result, it provides a unique interdisciplinary view of the subject and raises many stimulus points for future research. This work proves that the problems encountered by the various representatives of the Roman jurisprudence and their legal and theoretical bases and solutions are undoubtedly useful and serve as a guideline also for solving legal issues in the field of modern enforcement proceedings.

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Alexander Bröstl - Marta Breichová Lapčáková (eds.)

Collection of papers from session of the slovak section of the IVR

In accordance with its name, the collection is devoted to three framework areas consisting of the rule of law, justice and the future of democracy, reflecting the focus of the 31st World Congress of the International Association for the Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy (IVR). Published contributions of the slovak section of the IVR are devoted to the present questions of the rule of law in relation to the democratic legal state. Principles of the rule of law and present questions connected to the democratic character of the Slovak republic, including the democratic procedures on the local level, are juxtaposed with shifts on the international and global scene. Individual contributions are thus devoted to the technical and biotechnological challenges of contemporary democracy, the manifestation of game theory in the search for consensus in collegial judicial bodies, or to the concept of loyal opposition in the ongoing judicial dialogue surrounding the application of law in the european legal space. Space is also devoted to the universal questions of the nature of legal science, and to the present and future of the rule of law. The collection thus goes beyond the borders of the slovak legal space and aims to understand current trends in a broader context.

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Ladislav Orosz, Diana Horňáková, Patrik Mário Čerňanský

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Natália Kalinák-Andrej Oriňak

The Department of Commercial Law and Economic Law together with the Department of Labour Law and Social Security Law of the Faculty of Law of UPJŠ in Košice organized the 8th annual student symposium, this time on commercial, labour and private international law, which took place at the Faculty of Law of UPJŠ in Košice on 1 December 2023. The student symposium under the title Commercial and Labour Law on a Common Wave was carried out as part of the research projects VEGA 1/0259/22 and VEGA č. 1/0291/23. The aim of the annual symposia is to create a discussion platform for students under the supervision of mentors from among the members of the department, namely teachers, researchers and PhD students. The theme of this year's symposium brought about discussion of interesting theoretical and practical legal issues thematically focused on the synergy of business law and labour law. The students addressed topical issues related to the status of entrepreneurs, the conduct of companies in labour law relations as well as the duties and responsibilities of employees. The topics of the sharing economy, gender quotas in corporate bodies and unfair bribery were not forgotten. While working on individual topics, students had the opportunity to improve their analytical thinking and argumentation skills, while they could practice writing a legal professional text, which in practice often increases the success of every lawyer. Students had the opportunity to develop their critical thinking and learn how to clearly formulate their own opinions on current legal issues. After the presentation of the papers, not only the team of lecturers and researchers, but also the students themselves engaged in a fruitful discussion, asking a number of original questions. Each student participant was awarded a certificate for their active participation in the symposium. The present proceedings are the outcome of the students' work from this event.

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Jana Šutajová

Od 1. januára 1969 nadobúdali účinnosť Ústavný zákon o postavení národností v Československej socialistickej republike (ČSSR) i Ústavný zákon o federácii. Ústavný zákon o postavení národností predstavoval aspoň formálne veľký posun v právnej úprave postavenia menšín. Tento zákon však mal byť základom pre ďalšiu právnu úpravu. Deklarovalo sa, že budú nasledovať ďalšie kroky a rokovania o prijatí vykonávacích noriem a že budú na federálnej i národných úrovniach prijaté ďalšie zákony. V Československu však nebol nikdy vydaný žiadny ďalší zákon alebo vládne nariadenie týkajúce sa ústavného zákona o postavení národností v ČSSR. V období normalizácie1 sa otázky týkajúce sa ďalšej legislatívy týkajúcej sa národnostných menšín neotvárali, ale v krátkom období po prijatí ústavného zákona v roku 1968 do konca roka 1969 sa niektoré inštitúcie pokúšali takéto zákonné normy pripraviť a presadiť. Jednou z nich bola aj Rada vlády SSR pre národnosti (ďalej Rada alebo Rada vlády pre národnosti). Monografia prináša pohľad na problematiku rozpracovania ďalších zákonných noriem vyplývajúcich z ústavného zákona o postavení národností v Slovenskej socialistickej republike Radou vlády SSR pre národnosti, ktorá bola jednou z inštitúcií, ktoré sa na Slovensku vytvorili po vzniku československej federácie a zaoberali sa národnostnou problematikou

Vpráci zameranej na rozpracovanie ďalších zákonných noriem vyplývajúcich z ústavného zákona o postavení národností v ČSSR bolo potrebné venovať sa aj predchádzajúcemu vývoju, preto sa prvá časť monografie zaoberá postavením menšín v Československu pred prijatím ústavného zákona, aktivitám národností predchádzajúcim prijatiu ústavného zákona o postavení národností a samotnému prijatiu zákona. V ďalších častiach sa už monografia venuje inštitucionálnym zmenám v SSR po vzniku federácie, vzniku Rady vlády SSR pre národnosti a jednotlivým krokom Rady a jej odborných orgánov pri príprave návrhov zákonov o postavení národností v Slovenskej socialistickej republike.
Motiváciou pre napísanie tejto monografie bola skutočnosť, že na Slovensku sa doteraz tejto problematike venovala pozornosť len v niekoľkých štúdiách, ktoré sa zaoberali maďarskou menšinou a obdobím pražskej jari alebo maďarskou menšinou v období normalizácie.

Autorka

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Nándor Birher-Péter Tamás Bertalan

The document, titled "Vatican Diplomacy Around Trianon from a Hungarian Perspective," is a scholarly work that examines the geopolitical and ecclesiastical changes in East-Central Europe after the Treaty of Trianon in 1920, with a focus on the role of the Vatican. The book explores the interactions between the Vatican and the reshaped geopolitical landscape, emphasizing the influence of religious and ecclesiastical issues on international relations. The monograph posits that Central Europe is not merely a geographic or economic concept but a "spiritual kingdom" with a shared destiny shaped by interdependence and cultural achievements, despite its history of conflicts. Central Europe's rich intellectual and cultural heritage, deeply influenced by religious convictions and Vatican diplomacy, continues to impact the region's identity and unity. The book suggests that the lessons from the early 20th century, including the Trianon Peace Treaty and subsequent geopolitical shifts, are still relevant in understanding the contemporary political and cultural dynamics of Central Europe. The authors encourage readers to reflect on the past and consider how historical events and decisions have shaped present-day Central Europe. The book aims to provide insights into the region's complex history and its ongoing struggle to find its place in the broader European and global context.

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Adam Giertl - Ľubica Gregová Širicová (eds.)

Zborník príspevkov z V. študentského sympózia konaného v dňoch 21. - 22. apríla 2013

Francúzsky delegát v Komisii pre ľudské práva, diskutujúc o zaradení pojmu „médiá" do článku o slobode prejavu v návrhu Medzinárodného paktu o občianskych a politických právach, prezieravo vyzýval ostatných členov komisie k predvídavosti ohľadne informačných médií budúcnosti.1 Diskusia prebehla v roku 1950, kedy o vplyve internetu na spolo- čenské vzťahy ešte naozaj nemohli delegáti tušiť. Keďže je v dnešných dňoch už jasné, že informačné technológie významne vplývajú na právo, medzinárodné právo nevynímajúc, rozhodli sa organizátori študentského sympózia venovať jeho šiesty ročník téme „Informačná spoločnosť a medzinárodné právo".

Študenti Právnickej fakulty sa po prihlásení na sympózium najskôr venovali príprave svojho príspevku, pričom každý z účastníkov mal v prípade potreby k dispozícii konzultanta. Zoznam konzultantov popri členoch Ústavu európskeho práva, oddelenia medzinárodného práva, bol tohto roku rozšírený o odborníka na právo duševného vlastníctva, Mgr. Martina Husovca, absolventa našej Právnickej fakulty a v súčasnosti IMPRS-CI doktoranda pôsobiaceho na Inštitúte Maxa Plancka pre duševné vlastníctvo a súťažné právo. Aj touto cestou ďakujeme, že venoval svoj čas študentom a pomohol im cennou radou pri príprave ich príspevkov. Po ukončení prípravnej fázy sa konalo samotné sympózium, ktorého cieľom bolo prezentovať vypracované príspevky a rozvinúť o nich diskusiu. Prednesené príspevky svojím zameraním odrážali široké spektrum prienikov medzinárodného práva a informačnej spoločnosti.

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Radomír Jakab • Tibor Seman • Lukáš Jančát

The concept of a transterritorial administrative act is relatively new in administrative law, especially in the conditions of the Slovak Republic. It has practical applicability to the application of European Union law (including international law). Its essence lies in the fact that the effects of such an administrative act issued within one Member State exceed the territory of that Member State, have effects in other Member States, in all Member States of the European Union without being subject to the recognition process.

The purpose of the monograph is to present outputs of the scientific examination of this type of administrative acts, the definition of its characteristics and its effects, the examination of the possibilities of procedural defense against its effects by the State concerned, and possibly the possibility of unifying the action of the Member States of the European Union in case of procedural defense against the effects of transterritorial administrative acts. The monograph also contains analysis of certain types of transterrritorial administrative acts that are commonly used in the conditions of the European union and Slovak republic; they are also categorized under specific criteria.,

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Jana Žuľová a kol.

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Jana Žuľová, Monika Minčičová, Marcel Dolobáč (eds.)

The legal regulation of occupational health and the process of assessing the health capacity is one of the manifestations of fulfilling the protective function of labour law. Due to the importance of pursuing the interest in protecting the life and health of the individual during his working life, as well as the consequences of damage to the employee's health for further work and continuance of employment relationship, research in this area finds its irreplaceable place in legal science. Its topicality is also highlighted by the emerging risks of work and the working environment. Technological progress associated with a change in the way of performing work, as well as the pandemic situation, have opened a number of new challenges for labour law that require attention. The presented proceedings of abstracts responds to the outlined facts. It is a group of initial motives and conclusions of lectures presented at the scientific online conference "Health at Work in the Spectrum of Theory and Practice" organized by the Department of Labour Law and Social Security Law of the Faculty of Law, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice on16th April 2021. Authors point to a variety of problematic areas that are not only a reflection of academic considerations, but also of those legal issues that need to be addressed in ordinary legal practice.

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Erik Štenpien

The presented monograph is dedicated to the reforms of local administration in the middle of the 19th century, which led to the introduction of municipalism - the nationalization of local administration. The work is primarily devoted to the analysis of the differences between legal articles 42/1870 and 21/1884, the second of which has so far been considered by Slovak legal historians as an amendment. I will explain the differences in the text of both standards, as well as by pointing out the practice of applying both standards in local practice in Abov and Turňa, the legal article 21/1884 is applicable, it is recoded and after the thresholds of the Czechoslovakia it was received as an obligation of the local sparva in Slovakia and is valid even in the time of Conclusion The Trianon peace treaty.

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Ľuboš Dobrovič - Vladimír Vrana

The world of diplomacy, whether ancient or modern, is naturally prone to problems associated with cultural clashes and often serves as an “unarmed battlefield” of cultural concepts. International diplomacy, however, stands on the assumption of war, as misunderstandings and cultural discrepancies lead to confusion. Cultural encounters also provide many opportunities for the choice of misunderstanding: the choice to perceive an act as an insult, even if unintended, or the choice to ignore the most blatant intentional insult, all according to momentary expediency.

The Roman historian Livy recounts an anecdote about the gates of the Temple of Janus, which, when open, signified that Rome was at war. However, the doors of the ancient Temple of Janus were closed only twice from the beginning of the 7th century BC to the end of the 1st century BC. One might ask, how many times and for how long after the signing of the Treaty of Trianon were the metaphorical gates of the European (or global) Temple of Janus closed?

The publication that the reader holds in their hands does not attempt to exhaustively answer all questions of ancient and modern international diplomacy. That is neither possible nor the goal of this scientific monograph. Authors seeking intersections between diplomacy of antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the early 20th century encountered some thought-provoking ideas and controversial debates. Indeed, what other conclusions can the topic of the Treaty of Trianon and the perpetual clash of cultures in the Mediterranean antiquity and medieval Europe bring?

We believe that the topic of ancient and modern diplomacy will inspire the reader and stimulate the professional public to new ideas, reflections, and scholarly activity.

The scientific monograph was prepared as an output of the project of the Agency for the Support of Research and Development No. APVV-19-0419: "100 years of the Treaty of Trianon."

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Karin Cakoci a kol.

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Adrián Popovič a kol.

The possibility of solving the grant project VVGS-2016-284 has provided a unique opportunity for members of the author´s team in the interdisciplinary composition to examine the issue not only from a tax-law point of view, but also from a political point of view. In the presented monograph, the authors focused on the characterization of different aspects of the EU in order to allow the reader correctly understand its position in relation to the outside world and to its inward relations within its Member States in the context of the creation and implementation of the EU tax policy. Particular attention is paid to the definition of the relationship between national tax legislation and EU law, the impact of the EU's tax policy on the national laws of its Member States, with reference to the identification of the harmonized areas with the approximation of their current stage of development and the final objective. This definition can be seen as a prerequisite for a correct and comprehensive understanding of the application and implementation of EU institutions' initiatives to prevent tax evasion and tax fraud and their implementation into the national legal order of the Slovak Republic. In the last part of the monograph, the authors focused on defining individual EU initiatives to combat tax evasion and tax fraud as a means of implementing its tax policy, in the area of ​​indirect taxation, in particular in the field of value added tax and in the field of direct taxation, especially with regard to corporate taxation, and to evaluate their projection into the national tax legislation of the Slovak Republic. At the same time, in these chapters, they assessed the real impact and effect of the measures admitted on the basis of the initiatives in practice.

The presented work is intended for a university student studying in the field of Tax Law and European Law, as well as the broader legal and economic community. However, in view of the scope and recency of the subject under consideration, the authors believe that the publication will find its application not only in the theoretical field but also in the practical field.

 JUDr. Adrián Popovič

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