FORENSIC MEDICINE - Textbook for Medical Students

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Dorota Sopková - Silvia Farkašová Iannaccone

Forensic medicine is a medical discipline that is concerned with the determination of the cause of death in cases of violent and non-violent deaths, as well as the assessment of the effects of violence on the human body, including in cases of living persons. The presented textbook provides a consolidated and comprehensive review of the basic tasks and theoretical knowledge of the field of forensic medicine. Its goal is to provide a theoretical basis for the study of the compulsory subject Forensic Medicine and Medical Law in the study programs General Medicine and Dental Medicine, which has been absent until now. The authors emphasize the need to know the basics of forensic medicine in every medical field and a multidisciplinary approach to solving medico-legal questions.

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978-80-574-0373-9

Data sheet

Method of publication:
E-book (pdf)
Authors:
Dorota Sopková - Silvia Farkašová Iannaccone
Document type:
Course Notes
Number of pages:
159
Available from:
11.12.2024
Year of publication:
2024
Edition:
1st edition
Publication language:
English
Faculty:
Faculty of Medicine
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Je potešujúce, že nová oblasť poznávania označovaná ako veda o mysli začína sa vedomím zaoberať podrobnejšie a vylučuje tvrdenia, že vedomie nejestvuje hoci zatiaľ hovorí podľa mojej mienky iba o bazálnom vedomí a jej inter­pretácie prekračujú zistené fakty.

V svojej odbornej činnosti a aj v učebniciach som rozlišoval dve cesty poznávania vedomia a  iba postupne som si uvedomil, že mám pred sebou dva úrovne vedomia. V tejto práci  rozlišujem tieto dve úrovne:

  • bazálne vedomie,
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Ak bazálne vedomie vyjadruje bdenie a spánok, tiež po­zornosť a gnostické rozpoznávanie, teda  idiognózia a somatognózia, rozvinuté vedomie predpokladá reč a vytvára také prejavy, ktoré označujeme ako duševné, teda identita, sebareali­záciu, čo vyjadruje schopnosť uvedomovania si seba, okolia, spoločnosti ale aj všetkého čo sme schopní poznať.

Také chápanie je blízke výkladu fyziológa Pavlova o dvoch signálnych sústavách a chápaniu Poppera o treťom sve­te ale aj ďalšie náhľady, nikto však neurobil určitejšie závery a nedošiel k náhľadu, že naše vedomie má dvojvrstevnú podobu, dve úrovne.

Napriek rozsiahlej a takmer neprehľadnej literatúre vieme o vedomí málo, okrem toho, že je to schopnosť uvedomo­vania, teda schopnosť uvedomiť si, že jestvujem, že som, že jest­vujú aj iní ľudia, že jestvuje niečo čo označujeme ako svet ako nepredstaviteľný vesmír. Uvedomujem si, že som individua­litou jedinečnou, ale limitovanou narodením a smrťou a že mám aj zmysel svojho bytia. Toto uvedomovanie, akokoľvek spo­chybňované je pre človeka prítomné v jeho poznávaní, hoci nemáme zmysly, ktorými by sme vedeli lokalizovať jeho prí­tomnosť v mozgu, ale svojou charakteristikou s dynamikou a integráciou má však duševný charakter, odlišný od    ostatných preja­vov mozgovej činnosti.

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After 7 years, we finally reworked the textbook on the subject of clinical biochemistry at UPJŠ FM in Košice. We have innovated information in accordance with recommendations of professional medical societies and added new chapters. As the scope of the subject is limited, the textbook does not cover all issues of biochemical diagnostics. It focuses on disorders of water-ion and acid-base balance disorders, and basic laboratory diagnostics of diseases of selected organs.

The textbook of clinical biochemistry has the ambition to become a practical aid for senior medical students and beginning doctors in the study of laboratory medicine. It should make it easier for them to orientate themselves in routinely used clinical-biochemical examinations and could form a springboard for a more detailed studying of laboratory methods and their use in diagnostic and monitoring algorithms.
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Authors thanks to their colleagues and reviewers for their professional comments and constructive criticism of the text - prof. Jaroslav Racek, MD, DrSc. from FM UK in Pilsen.
Authors thanks very kindly too prof. MUDr. Dušan Dobrota, CSc. (JFM UK Martin) and doc. MVDr. Zuzana Kostecká, PhD. (UVMP, Košice), who read and wrote review of this textbook.

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The monograph is intended for the clinical pharmacologists, geneticists and experts dealing with this problem.

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Násilie v ľudskej spoločnosti a agresia človeka

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Otázky človeka, jeho bytia, násilie znepokojujú ľudí od najdávnejších čias ľudskej spoločnosti a sú nemalými problémami aj v prítomnosti. V tejto pôvodnej práci, ktorej predchádzali viaceré štúdie autora (najpodrobnejšie Kafka, 2002), sa zameriavam na opísanie násilia vo všetkých základných formách, čo je jednou z jej osobitostí. Podávam operačný výmer násilia:

Násilie je vedomá ľudská činnosť využívajúca ako prostriedok násilného činu fyzickú alebo psychickú silu na ovplyvnenie druhého človeka (pri pôsobení na seba ide o zvláštny prípad násilia), ktorý potom koná pod vplyvom tohto pôsobenia nedobrovoľne, z donútenia.

Nazdávam sa, že násilie charakterizuje určitá situácia, v ktorej sa stretávajú najmenej dvaja ľudia: aktér násilia a obeť násilia, alebo sa stretajú dvaja aktéri a jeden z nich sa zvyčajne stane obeťou. To je však osobitný prípad, ktorým sa teraz nebudem zaoberať. Ak je násilie zamerané proti vlastnej osobe, je aktér násilia súčasne aj obeťou. Aktér, ktorého osobnosť a motívy bývajú rôzne, začína násilný čin využívajúc pritom viaceré prostriedky a pôsobí nimi na druhého človeka, ktorého núti vykonávať svoju vôľu, čím sa tento stáva obeťou. Celý akt má určité následky. Napadnutý sa môže brániť tak, že násilie zvládne alebo to môže skončiť tragicky, keď násiliu podľahne. Táto relatívne jednoduchá reakcia sa stáva zložitejšou pri skupinovej forme násilia a celkom neprehľadnou pri hromadnom násilí.

Opisujem tieto základné formy násilia:

  • - násilie proti vlastnej osobe vrátane samovraždy,
  • - násilie individuálne, spôsobené jedným aktérom násilia,
  • - násilie skupinové, charakterizované malými skupinami,
  • - násilie hromadné alebo kolektívne medzi veľkými skupinami, vrátane vojen a revolúcií,
  • - násilie proti neživej a živej prírode.

Práca končí krátkou analýzou liečby násilného správania a dôsledkov násilia s možnosťami jej prevencie. Opieram sa aj o vlastné skúsenosti s prejavmi násilia v psychiatrických zariadeniach. Nazdávam sa, že je to práca veľmi aktuálna, informatívna, ale aj pôvodná, lebo podáva v koncentrovanej podobe celý rozsiahly fenomén násilia s jeho základnými charakteristikami. Podobnú prácu v našej literatúre nemáme.

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Our main goal was therefore to provide sufficient information about existing drug forms, their routes of administration, as well as their methods of delivery, which should serve to enhance the quality of pharmacotherapy in the context of so-called "tailored treatment," whose main effort is to individualize treatment for a specific patient. Although the work focuses on drug application methods, a detailed description of the technical implementation of algorithms and other related procedures is the subject of interest for other fields (nursing, surgical propaedeutics, etc.). Overall, it is a supplementary educational text provided in electronic form, which is extremely popular in today's modern informatized era. Thanks to this, the work can be used at any time at home or in a school environment, comprehensively or progressively, partially. We have also tried to enhance its quality by appropriate content organization, inclusion of practical experiences, as well as the inclusion of colorful images or photographs, overview tables, and appendices.

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