Výskum v medicíne a etika

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Iveta Cimboláková a kol.

Premisa „dnešný výskum tvorí zdravotnú starostlivosť zajtrajška“ vyjadruje význam medicínskeho výskumu a dôvod jeho vykonávania. Vedecký výskum a pokroky v biomedicínskych vedách a ich aplikácia v lekárskej praxi a v procese poskytovania zdravotnej starostlivosti, však prinášajú nové problémy v oblasti etiky. Samotný biomedicínsky výskum si vyžaduje presné definovanie hypotéz, ktoré sú overované jednak v laboratórnych podmienkach ako aj na pokusných zvieratách. Aj keď klinické štúdie na ľudských subjektoch predpokladajú prospech jednotlivým účastníkom a rozvíjajú základné biomedicínske poznatky, predsa však znamenajú aj určité riziká v závislosti od charakteru výskumu. Tieto riziká musia byť minimalizované, pričom experiment sa má vykonávať slobodne a zároveň musí prebiehať v rámci špecifických opatrení na ochranu všetkých zúčastnených, a to nielen pokusných osôb, ale aj samotných výskumníkov. Je zrejmé, že každý výskum s účasťou ľudí je nevyhnutné realizovať v súlade so všeobecne prijatými etickými princípmi ako sú prospešnosť, autonómia, spravodlivosť a neškodnosť. V biomedicínskom výskume sa princíp autonómie uplatňuje osobitne v procese slobodného informovaného súhlasu, ktorý môže účastník, či už terapeutického alebo bádateľského experimentu, kedykoľvek odvolať. Je nutné uviesť, že pokroky v medicíne sú takmer vždy spojené s výskumom na zvieratách, čo si taktiež vyžaduje zabezpečenie špecifických etických noriem a prístupov. Z etického pohľadu sú zvlášť kritizované pokusy na zvieratách vykonávané pre potreby kozmetických firiem. Významnú úlohu pri posudzovaní etických aspektov a kontrole výskumných projektov či už na zvieratách alebo na človeku, zohrávajú nezávislé etické komisie. Predložená publikácia poskytuje prehľad všeobecných podmienok a etických zásad výskumu zahrňujúceho laboratórne zvieratá a ľudské subjekty, problematiku odborného a etického posudzovania projektov ako aj podvodu a publikovania výsledkov. V súčasnosti sme svedkami nesmierneho pokroku v molekulárne-biologických vedách, čo prináša etické dilemy aj v oblasti genetiky. Z uvedeného dôvodu je jedna z kapitol venovaná najnovším poznatkom v tejto oblasti.

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978-80-8152-440-0

Data sheet

Method of publication:
E-book (pdf)
Document type:
Academic textbook
Number of pages:
66
Available from:
15.09.2016
Year of publication:
2016
Edition:
1st edition
Publication language:
Slovak
Faculty:
Faculty of Medicine
Note:
Publikácia vychádza ako výstup aktivity 2.2 Vytvorenie interdisciplinárnych blokov pre zlepšenie uplatnenia absolventov UPJŠ na trhu práce v rámci dopytovo-orientovaného projektu RIFIV, ITMS 26110230101.
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