Výživa - racionálna výživa človeka

Michal Legiňa kol.

Progress in biology and medicine has always been significantly related to advances in physics. Not only has physics supplied instruments and methods of measurement that have led to many discoveries in physiology and medicine, but methods of physical research have changed many of the older approaches to the biologic sciences. Such circumstances have even led to development of a new scientific field: biophysics, which uses to a great extent physical instrumentation procedures applied to an experimental system. Because any instrument is an additional factor in any experimental system, it may affect the data. To interpret physical data on biological material correctly then, it is necessary to consider the characteristics of instrument response.

A practical course enables a student to acquire some skills, experience and methodological knowledge for performance of experiments and evaluation of measured data. Due to the fast development of instrumentation technology, it is not possible to teach every operation and procedure upon instruments we may use in a future. Besides the basic physical principles, the aim of a practical course is to point out some general rules and skills for instrument operation and for the interpretation of the measured values derived from such operation.

There are two kinds of lessons in practical courses. The first one focuses on laboratory measurements of some important physical quantities and the evaluation of the measured data. These measured quantities are components of the subject “medical biophysics” or of the phenomena studied. Experience provided in managing various scales and tables, as well as in the construction of tables and graphs is substantial. Lessons also enable students to repeat and to strengthen their knowledge of secondary school physics, which is useful for understanding of many phenomena studied in medical biophysics. The second kind of lesson provides experience with some of the diagnostic and therapeutic medical instruments, which can be seen in practical medicine.

The understanding of basic physical principles of corresponding instruments is both recommended and demanded. Theoretical preparation is not only an appropriate condition for the practical managing of the whole lesson, but also helps to avoid injury. This textbook, therefore, intends to help students in preparing for both the practical lessons and the final exam.

Authors

E-book

Erik Dosedla

A uterine scar is currently a significant medical problem. Uterine scars most commonly occur after a Cesarean section, which is one of the most frequent laparotomic surgeries (Yazicioglu et al., 2006). The frequency of Cesarean sections increased between 1990 and 2014 in the USA from 21.2% to 32.2% (Hamilton et al., 2015), in Great Britain from 12% to 26.2% (NHS Maternity Statistics - England, 2013-14: Summary Report, 2015), and in the Slovak Republic from 8.7% to 31% (Národné centrum zdravotníckych informácii, 2016).

After a Cesarean section (CS), there is a risk of abnormal healing of the uterotomic wound, which can result in the development of certain pathological conditions in consecutive pregnancies (uterine rupture, ectopic pregnancy in the Cesarean scar, placental disorders) (Seow et al., 2004; Oyelese and Smulian, 2006; Fitzpatrick et al., 2012). In addition, a defect in the Cesarean scar is associated with chronic dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and postmenstrual spotting (Wang et al., 2009; Bij de Vaate et al., 2011).

Ultrasound is a valuable examination method in the diagnostic and therapeutic management of these pathological conditions.

Download e-book for free (pdf)

E-book

Zuzana Mačeková - Zuzana Katreniaková a kol.

Demencia je jednou z naliehavých a mimoriadne zložitých globálnych výziev pre zdravotnícke a sociálne systémy 21. storočia. Na Slovensku sa počet osôb s demenciou odhaduje na 62 495 (2018), pričom sa predpokladá, že v roku 2040 tento počet vzrastie na 180 000. Demencie zatiaľ patria k nevyliečiteľným chronickým stavom, ktorým nie je možné úplne predchádzať. V roku 2024 (Livingston a kol.) bol publikovaný aktualizovaný model tzv. potenciálne ovplyvniteľných faktorov, ktoré môžu prispieť k zvýšenému riziku demencie. Patria k nim: nízka úroveň vzdelania, strata sluchu, vysoký LDL cholesterol, depresia, úrazové poranenie mozgu, fyzická nečinnosť, diabetes mellitus, fajčenie, vysoký krvný tlak, obezita, nadmerná konzumácia alkoholu, sociálna izolácia, znečistené ovzdušie (vrátane pasívneho fajčenia) a strata zraku. Týchto 14 rizikových faktorov predstavuje približne 45 % celosvetových demencií, ktorým by sa teoreticky dalo predísť. Napriek narastajúcej dostupnosti informácií, úroveň povedomia verejnosti o preventívnych prístupoch v správaní sa k sebe samým, ktoré môžu nástup demencie významne oddialiť, zostáva nízka. Farmaceuti na Slovensku majú v súčasnosti adekvátne kompetencie, aby vedeli pomôcť aj v oblasti prevencie demencií. Niekedy stačí poradenstvo priamo v lekárni, vo vážnejších prípadoch odporúčanie navštíviť lekára pre ďalšie posúdenie zdravotného stavu. Každopádne, človek takto nezostáva so svojim problémom sám a dostane včasnú a potrebnú zdravotnú starostlivosť.

To get the e-book, please contact us by email.

Radoslav Morochovič - Rastislav Burda -

Ľuboš Tomčovčík - Peter Cibur - Štefan Ivanecký

Vysokoškolský učebný text určený pre študentov všeobecného lekárstva, zubného lekárstva a fyzioterapie, ktorý obsahuje podstatné časti z predmetu úrazová chirurgia potrebných na zvládnutie vysokoškolského štúdia.

E-book

Ján Varga

The cancer is the second most common reason of the death in human population. lt is responsible for approximately 10 million of death every year. Oncogynecology represents · one of the most pr ogressive part of gynecology. The interest is focused on vulvar cancer, vaginal cancer, cervical cancer, uterine cancer, fallopian tube carcinoma, ovarian cancer as well as breast cancer. Due to the range of the issue there are own workplaces ta king care just for the patients with oncogyneco logical diseases. The knowledge from oncogynecology are inevitably needed to pass the state exam as well as specialization from Gynecology and obstetrics. The presented publication is focused to mentioned oncogynecological diseases.

The anatomy and histology of the vulva, vagína, cervix, uterus, fallop ian tube and ovary are described in detail. Every described carcinoma contains part about etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic, classification and therapy. The paper contains information suitable for students of medical faculties as well as young doctors before specialization.

Download the e-book for free  (pdf)

E-book

Mária Sováriová Soósová - Renáta Suchanová - Libuša Tirpáková

The presented university textbook provides knowledge in the field of nursing in internal medicine, specifically addressing the specifics of nursing care for patients with respiratory system diseases. It is intended for students of nursing as well as nurses working in this field.

The textbook is divided into six chapters and supplemented with bibliographic references, a list of abbreviations and symbols, a list of tables, and nursing diagnoses according to the NANDA International Taxonomy II classification (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association, NANDA-I). For the correct interpretation of new knowledge, its modification, and effective application in specific situations in nursing practice, it is essential to utilize interdisciplinary relationships and apply the latest scientific evidence.

Those interested in further deepening their knowledge are referred to professional and scientific publications, primarily in nursing, clinical propedeutics, internal medicine, pharmacology, psychology, and other medical and humanities disciplines.

Download the e-book for free  (pdf)

E-book

Libuša Tirpáková - Mária Sováriová Soósová a kol.

It is expected that nurses and professionals working in healthcare will be able to perform various specialized procedures, or assist with selected procedures, skillfully, confidently, and safely.

The university textbook of Nursing Techniques guides students through the most commonly performed nursing activities, reflecting the latest knowledge from the profession, evidence-based practice, and professional guidelines. A significant aspect of this publication is its emphasis on patient individuality and involvement in the planning and implementation of procedures, as well as the prevention of complications and the consistent performance of nursing interventions in accordance with the latest professional and scientific knowledge.

The textbook is divided into twelve chapters. In the introductory chapters, the authors address the organization of the nursing unit and infection control in healthcare facilities. Further chapters are devoted to patient assessment, especially vital functions, nutritional care, preparation and administration of various forms of medication, collection of biological material, care of urinary and bowel elimination, nurse assistance during punctures, wound care, and electrocardiographic examination.

The main aim is to address primarily nursing students, but also students of general and dental medicine and selected healthcare disciplines. We believe that both students and professionals will find in this textbook a guide and a practical assistant.

Download the e-book for free (pdf)

Martina Chylová - Lívia Peštová

Učebné texty Psychológia v medicíne prezentujú základné poznatky o správaní sa a prežívaní človeka nielen v chorobe, približujú psychodiagnostické postupy a psychoterapeutickú liečbu pacientov. Podstatnou súčasťou práce je kapitola, ktorá pojednáva o lekárskej psychológii. Táto časť práce poukazuje na význam komunikácie a interakcie medzi lekárom a pacientom a nutnosť zohľadnenia významných vzťahových aspektov medzi nimi. Kapitola sa ďalej venuje psychosomatickému rozmeru vybraných chorôb v kontexte rôznych medicínskych odborov. Zároveň je analyzovaná psychologická problematika pacientov s telesným, zmyslovým postihnutím a duševne zaostalých osôb, záver učebnice predstavuje opis špecifík práce s detským pacientom. Pomocou týchto učebných textov si študenti medicíny majú osvojiť základné psychologické poznatky, získať vedomosti o efektívnej komunikácii s pacientmi, príbuznými a ostatným zdravotníckym personálom, tvorivo pristupovať k riešeniu problémov pri práci. Zároveň práca zdôrazňuje potrebu duševnej hygieny a starostlivosti o seba, ktorá je v práci lekára nevyhnutná.

Gabriel Koľvek

Tento učebný text je zameraný na najčastejšie ochorenia obličiek detského veku. Venuje sa vybraným vrodeným (ako napr. vrodené anomálie obličiek a močových ciest) ako aj získaným ochoreniam obličiek (infekcie močových ciest, nefrotický syndróm, hemolyticko-uremický syndróm a ďalšie), ktoré sú opísané komplexne od epidemiológie, patofyziológie, cez klinický obraz, diagnostiku až po liečbu a prognózu. Texty zahŕňajú najnovšie diagnostické a terapeutické postupy opierajúce sa o recetné vedecké poznatky. Informácie uvedené v texte môžu významne pomôcť k úspešnému absolvovaniu štátnej skúšky z predmetu Pediatria. Text je starostlivo vybraný a rozsah kondenzovaný tak, aby vyhovoval predovšetkým potrebám pregraduálneho štúdia a zároveň dopĺňal vedomosti a skúsenosti získané na prednáškach a praktických cvičeniach. Učebnica tiež poskytuje základné informácie pre lekárov v špecializačnej príprave.

Alžbeta Blichárová a kolektív 

„Patológia 1. časť (zimný semester) - Praktické cvičenia pre študentov všeobecného lekárstva“ je prvou časťou vysokoškolskej učebnice predstavujúcou prvú polovicu výučby (zimný semester). V tejto časti je popísaných 70 diagnóz, kde každej je venovaná jedna strana. V popise je uvedené poradové číslo zhodujúce sa s číslom preparátu a názov danej diagnózy. Študent sa pri každom preparáte oboznámi so základnými informáciami o danej chorobe, jej makroskopickým a mikroskopickým obrazom. Navyše je vytvorené miesto, v ktorom si študent môže zaznačiť (nakresliť) charakteristický mikroskopický obraz danej choroby. Preparáty v tejto učebnici sú zamerané na všeobecnú patológiu – regresívne a progresívne zmeny, pigmentáciu, hojenie, zápaly a nádory.

Tým, že učebnica umožňuje preparáty zakresľovať, vytvára študentom priestor pre trvalejšie zapamätanie si danej problematiky. Je vynikajúcim zdrojom pre prípravu študentov na kolokvium a ústnu skúšku.

Marek Stupák et al.

Medical Chemistry presents an overview of the most important topics of general, organic and bioinorganic chemistry for students of General and Dental Medicine study programs. Its aim is to provide a theoretical basis for the study of the subject Medical Chemistry and for understanding processes and chemical reactions which are taking place in the human body.

Each topic directly links chemical principles to the processes in living organisms and thus can help the students to clearly see the application of the presented information. Therefore, it also provides a good starting point for further study of Medical Biochemistry, for which the knowledge of these principles is necessary.

Download e-book for free (pdf)

E-book

Lucia Dimunová - Jana Michalková - Gabriela Štefková - Mária Zamboriová

Following innovative trends in university education, this academic textbook offers guidance to update and make the educational process more attractive for all healthcare professions. It applies critical thinking and strategic method of concept mapping in teaching, which are suitable tools for the facilitator and the educant to achieve the desired goal. Critical thinking is an essential academic skill upon which other knowledge and intellectual virtues can be built. It is also an essential equipment for every graduate of the healthcare profession.

The textbook is complemented by a chapter focusing on methods for structural and formative assessment of learning outcomes. The publication is also enriched with sample digital concept maps of which cognitive content can be edited and graphically modified.

The aim of this academic textbook is to present a way of acquiring knowledge through critical thinking using concept mapping as a method, with the final goal of implementing the acquired knowledge into everyday practice.

Download e-book for free (pdf)

Martina Vidová Ugurbas

Plastická chirurgia je vysoko špecializovaný medicínsky odbor, ktorý sa zaoberá korekciou defektov, rekonštrukciou a zdokonaľovaním ľudského tela.

Náplňou plastickej chirurgie je korekcia rôznych defektov, vrodených i získaných. Medzi vrodené chyby patria deformity tváre, rázštepy pery a podnebia, deformity ušnice, vrodené vývojové chyby končatín. Najčastejšie získané defekty sú po poraneniach, po chirurgických výkonoch, po fyzikálnych poškodeniach kože a štruktúr krytých kožou.

Do plastickej chirurgie patrí i estetická chirurgia, onkochirurgia a mikrochirurgia, ktorá si zaslúži osobitnú pozornosť. Novými trendami v estetickej chirurgii je rekonštrukcia pomocou tukového tkaniva, kmeňových buniek, používanie rôznych umelých materiálov a implantátov.

Predložené učebné texty v jednotlivých kapitolách popisujú základné princípy plastickej chirurgie, používanie lalokových plastík a iné možnosti krytia defektov. V ôsmych kapitolách sú jednotlivo popísané chirurgické možnosti rekonštrukcie tváre, trupu a končatín. Učebné texty venujú pozornosť malígnym a benígnym kožným tumorom a ich liečbe. Posledná kapitola sa zaoberá najčastejšími estetickými operáciami ako sú augmentácia a redukcia prsníkov, facelifting či blefaroplastika.

E-book

Nikita Bobrova kol.

The concept of medical ethics is interpreted as both applied and professional ethics. As a bioethical discipline, it consists of three normative parts: biogenesis, biotherapy, and thanatology. From an ethical perspective, medicine is part of clinical bioethics; however, at the current stage, “evidence-based ethics” is still lacking.

In the context of standardizing health care, there is an excessive development of certain components of bioethics (such as ethical codes and the concept of patient autonomy), but also a reduction, especially of its clinical component (such as communication, thanatology, euthanasia, dysthanasia, and futile treatment). Current legislative efforts are leading to a reduction in the rights of health care workers, particularly in terms of corporate autonomy.

The fundamental task of medical ethics is the cultivation of medical professionalism, which is defined as the professional alignment of expert, ethical, and legal reasoning, and as a starting point for thinking in terms of values, with reflection on the bioethical space in clinical and professional practice.

Since society declares health as its priority, this priority should positively influence the entire health care system, and its basic idea should be a health care system based on a humanistic ethical paradigm with social and professional application.

Download the e-book for free (pdf)

E-book

Pavol Joppa a kol.

University textbooks address the etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, complications, and prognosis of the most significant non-specific respiratory diseases, including bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonias, pleural syndrome, lung cancer, interstitial lung diseases (including exogenous allergic alveolitis and sarcoidosis), and sleep apnea syndrome.

The final section on non-specific diseases discusses chronic cor pulmonale as the primary cardiovascular complication of chronic pulmonary diseases.

The last chapter focuses on the etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of pulmonary and extrapulmonary forms of tuberculosis, addressing the scope of phthisiology

Download the e-book for free (pdf)