Získané demyelinizačné ochorenia centrálneho nervového systému-diferenciálna diagnostika

Mária Frankovičová - Jana Kaťuchová

Dear readers and students,

The book “Surgery for Medical Students“ is a textbook intended to be used by those studying at medical faculties and in other healthcare fields. In this textbook, the authors, encompassing all surgical specialties, have tried to provide the reader with a holistic context of the study material intended to be used in preparation for the state exam from surgery. I thank all the co-authors for their willingness and cooperation. To the students I hope you have a pleasant time reading and studying the book.

Prof. MUDr. Mária Frankovičová, PhD

Martina Vidová Ugurbas

Plastická chirurgia je vysoko špecializovaný medicínsky odbor, ktorý sa zaoberá korekciou defektov, rekonštrukciou a zdokonaľovaním ľudského tela.

Náplňou plastickej chirurgie je korekcia rôznych defektov, vrodených i získaných. Medzi vrodené chyby patria deformity tváre, rázštepy pery a podnebia, deformity ušnice, vrodené vývojové chyby končatín. Najčastejšie získané defekty sú po poraneniach, po chirurgických výkonoch, po fyzikálnych poškodeniach kože a štruktúr krytých kožou.

Do plastickej chirurgie patrí i estetická chirurgia, onkochirurgia a mikrochirurgia, ktorá si zaslúži osobitnú pozornosť. Novými trendami v estetickej chirurgii je rekonštrukcia pomocou tukového tkaniva, kmeňových buniek, používanie rôznych umelých materiálov a implantátov.

Predložené učebné texty v jednotlivých kapitolách popisujú základné princípy plastickej chirurgie, používanie lalokových plastík a iné možnosti krytia defektov. V ôsmych kapitolách sú jednotlivo popísané chirurgické možnosti rekonštrukcie tváre, trupu a končatín. Učebné texty venujú pozornosť malígnym a benígnym kožným tumorom a ich liečbe. Posledná kapitola sa zaoberá najčastejšími estetickými operáciami ako sú augmentácia a redukcia prsníkov, facelifting či blefaroplastika.

E-publication

Beáta Grešš HalászMária Sováriová SoósováMartin ČervenýJana Michalková

The aim of this university textbook is to provide a systematically structured teaching text focused on research in health sciences and, at the same time, to offer a practical methodological manual for writing final theses intended for students of medical and non-medical fields of study. The first chapter introduces the topic, maps the historical development of research in medical and non-medical sciences, and explains the concept of evidence-based practice (EBP) in the context of research activities. It also highlights the importance of research for these fields and describes the individual steps, principles, and methodological procedures of scientific work. The second chapter focuses on the basic attributes of research in health sciences, with an emphasis on key definitions, basic research designs, the typology of scientific studies, and the possibilities for using the relevant methodologies. It also includes the interpretation and analytical processing of quantitative data, while the third chapter analogously elaborates on the qualitative research approach. The fourth chapter is devoted to the ethical aspects of scientific research. The fifth chapter focuses on the evaluation of research papers in terms of their quality, structure, content coherence, reliability, and validity. The final sixth chapter provides methodological guidelines for planning, implementing, and processing individual types of final theses, with the aim of offering students practical and clearly structured instructions for their preparation. The publication also includes questions, tasks, and exercises that supplement theoretical knowledge with practical examples. These cases are intended to develop students' ability to design research studies and methodologically correctly prepare final theses.

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E-book

Mária Sováriová Soósová, Renáta Suchanová, Libuša Tirpáková

Predkladaná vysokoškolská učebnica prináša poznatky z oblasti ošetrovateľskej starostlivosti u pacientov s ochoreniami srdcovo-cievneho systému. Je určená pre poslucháčov odboru ošetrovateľstvo v rámci pregraduálneho a postgraduálneho vzdelávania, sestrám pracujúcim v tejto oblasti, ako aj ďalším odborníkom z nelekárskych vedných disciplín, ktorí sa zaoberajú starostlivosťou o pacientov s kardio-vaskulárnymi chorobami.

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E-publication

Eva Szabóová

The publication "Fundamentals of Cardiovascular Risk Assessment: Tools and Applications" is the first of its kind in Slovakia. It was created with the aim of providing healthcare professionals, medical students, and anyone interested in the subject with a clear, practical overview of cardiovascular risk. The book presents a global and national picture of mortality, emphasizes the importance of prevention and screening, and introduces the basic principles of risk assessment. Special attention is paid to risk factors and modifiers that can significantly change a patient's prognosis. For a better understanding of the issue, the reader will also find chapters devoted to clinical conditions, an overview of scoring systems, risk categories, and finally practical examples from clinical practice that link theory with everyday medical reality. Our goal is for this book to be not only an educational tool, but also a practical guide for decision-making in clinical practice. We believe that it will contribute to a better understanding of the complexity of cardiovascular risk and at the same time help to strengthen the emphasis on prevention, which remains the most effective tool in the fight against these diseases.

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Alžbeta Blichárová a kolektív

“Pathology Part 1 (winter semester) - Practical lessons for students of general medicine” represents the first half of the university textbook designed for the pregradual study of pathology. The textbook complements the lectures of pathology and serves as a source of information for students of general medicine, that are preparing for the practical as well as the final oral examination.

In this part of the “Pathology” series, seventy selected histopathological slides are presented. Each selected slide is provided with general information in relation to etiology and pathogenesis of the disease, as well as with corresponding morphological features, including the gross appearance and the most important histopathological characteristics. The textbook summarizes the basic concepts of general pathology that are necessary to master the broad field of systemic pathology in the second semester.

Keywords: general pathology – histopathological slides – general medicine – gross appearance – microscopic image

E-book

Peter Berek

University scripts “Visceral pathology of vascular origin“analyze one of the most challenging vascular regions, the aorta and the visceral aortic branches, from the surgical perspective. The diagnostic and the treatment aneurysms of the abdominal aorta are dedicated to the first chapter. Early diagnostic and operative treatment is crucial in the treatment of ruptured aneurysms of the abdominal aorta. Shortening of the interval between the patient’s arrival with ruptured aneurysm of the abdominal aorta into the hospital and the beginning of the operation decreased the perioperative mortality. This shortening, together with the use of the cell savers, led to the dropping of perioperative mortality from 50% to 20%. The diagnostics and surgical treatment of the acute and chronic occlusion of the aorta and iliac arteries are analyzed in the second chapter. In this chapter, the focus is given to the aortobifemoral bypass as “the gold standard“ of the surgical therapy of aortoiliac atherosclerosis. The management of acute mesenteric ischemia is the content of the third chapter. Acute mesenteric ischemia is a severe condition with high mortality. The problem of acute mesenterial ischemia is a delayed diagnostic that is the reason for poor therapeutical outcomes of the disease. The possible imagine studies and operations used in treating acute mesenteric ischemia are brought in this chapter. Chronic mesenteric ischemia leads to cachexia. The diagnosis of chronic mesenterial ischemia is one of the most demanding, and surgical therapy used in the treatment of chronic mesenterial ischemia also belongs to the most challenging operations. Left-sided colon ischemia belongs to the severe complications of the aortoiliac reconstructions. Left-sided colon ischemia has a high mortality. In the prevention of the left-sided colon, ischemia is preserving at least one internal iliac artery. The complex diagnostics treatment of intraabdominal compressive syndromes as Dunbar syndróme, „Nutcracker“ syndróme a Wilkie syndróme, analyzed in the last chapter.

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E-book

Monika Halánová-Leonard Siegfried

Although chronic non-communicable diseases currently dominate overall morbidity and mortality in developed countries, epidemics of infectious diseases, especially those caused by new or emerging pathogens, occur more frequently and spread faster and further in new territories. The starting factors of this threat are mainly ecological and climatic changes and changes in human demography and behaviour. The growing resistance to ATB is also very serious, as a result of which there is a significant increase in the incidence of infectious diseases and their spread to new geographical locations. Current problems of epidemiology and microbiology in research and clinical practice are mainly focused on rapid detection and subsequent response to diagnosed diseases. The correct diagnosis of an infectious disease is the result of a clinical picture, knowledge of the current epidemiological situation and laboratory confirmation of the etiological agent. The identification of microorganisms allows us to establish the correct definitive diagnosis and subsequent targeted therapy, but also to start immediately with appropriate anti-epidemic measures to control the spread of the infectious agent.

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 Miroslav Mydlík - Július Vajó (eds.) 

Magdaléna Hagovská a kol. 

Vysokoškolská učebnica Praktická kinezioterapia je určená fyzioterapeutom v rámci pregraduálneho, ale aj postgraduálneho vzdelávania. Je komplexne prepracovanou, opravenou a rozšírenou publikáciou pôvodného textu skrípt Najčastejšie používané liečebné metodiky pre fyzioterapeutov (Hagovská, Mihalečková, 2012).
Fyzioterapia sa dotýka takmer všetkých základných klinických odborov. Z toho vyplýva, že fyzioterapeuti by mali ovládať základné poznatky o špeciálnych metódach, ktoré sa zaoberajú fyzioterapiou vertebrologických a neurologických pacientov, pacientov s ortopedickým ochorením, s gynekologickými a urologickými problémami, a pacientov s psychosomatickou diagnózou. Väčšina popísaných najznámejších 44 liečebných metód obsahuje obrázkovú prílohu, na základe ktorej študenti dokážu lepšie pochopiť uvádzané techniky a predísť chybnému vykonávaniu jednotlivých techník.

Autori

E-book

A.A. Ahmetova - A.A. Seidakhmetova - N.D. Kalmenov et al.

Improving the best practices in the provision of the first pre-medical care is one of the priority areas of clinical medicine in most countries of the world. Despite the success in improving the provision of medical care at the level of FPMA and emergency medical care, it is the provision of skilled care at the earliest stages of the disease or emergency conditions that determines the quality of all medical care and the future of the patient.

When rendering emergency care to the sick and injured, the time factor is very important, it prevents irreversible disturbances in the body and creates a good help for the complete cure of the patient. Textbook is designed to improve awareness of the importance of pre-medical aid to non-medical students in central Asian countries.

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E-book

Iveta Cimbolákováa kol.

The premise “today’s research shapes the healthcare of tomorrow” expresses the importance of medical research and the reason for its pursuit. Scientific research and advances in biomedical sciences, as well as their application in medical practice and in the process of delivering healthcare, nevertheless bring new problems in the area of ethics.

Biomedical research itself requires the precise definition of hypotheses, which are tested both under laboratory conditions and on experimental animals. Although clinical studies on human subjects are expected to benefit individual participants and to advance fundamental biomedical knowledge, they also entail certain risks depending on the nature of the research. These risks must be minimized, and the experiment should be conducted freely while also taking place within specific measures to protect all involved-not only the test subjects, but also the researchers themselves.

The presented publication provides an overview of the general conditions and ethical principles of research involving laboratory animals and human subjects, the issue of professional and ethical assessment of projects, as well as fraud and the publication of results. At present, we are witnessing tremendous progress in molecular biological sciences, which brings ethical dilemmas also in the field of genetics. For this reason, one of the chapters is devoted to the latest findings in this area.

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E-book

Ivana Skoumalová - Zuzana Dankulincová

The publication entitled Competencies for clinical practice in the field of communication with the patient serves as the background and teaching material.

The text is structured to bring theoretical knowledge about the topic, current research findings in the field and practical tips for training skills in practice. It provides clear information on individual parts of the training and is designed to acquire knowledge that is the basis for practical skills in medical communication, especially in communication with patients.

It is intended for general and dental students to deepen their knowledge and acquire missing skills in medical communication, which are evidence-based and research-validated skills that have a demonstrable positive impact on patient communication.

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Jozef Kafka 

Otázky človeka, jeho bytia, násilie znepokojujú ľudí od najdávnejších čias ľudskej spoločnosti a sú nemalými problémami aj v prítomnosti. V tejto pôvodnej práci, ktorej predchádzali viaceré štúdie autora (najpodrobnejšie Kafka, 2002), sa zameriavam na opísanie násilia vo všetkých základných formách, čo je jednou z jej osobitostí. Podávam operačný výmer násilia:

Násilie je vedomá ľudská činnosť využívajúca ako prostriedok násilného činu fyzickú alebo psychickú silu na ovplyvnenie druhého človeka (pri pôsobení na seba ide o zvláštny prípad násilia), ktorý potom koná pod vplyvom tohto pôsobenia nedobrovoľne, z donútenia.

Nazdávam sa, že násilie charakterizuje určitá situácia, v ktorej sa stretávajú najmenej dvaja ľudia: aktér násilia a obeť násilia, alebo sa stretajú dvaja aktéri a jeden z nich sa zvyčajne stane obeťou. To je však osobitný prípad, ktorým sa teraz nebudem zaoberať. Ak je násilie zamerané proti vlastnej osobe, je aktér násilia súčasne aj obeťou. Aktér, ktorého osobnosť a motívy bývajú rôzne, začína násilný čin využívajúc pritom viaceré prostriedky a pôsobí nimi na druhého človeka, ktorého núti vykonávať svoju vôľu, čím sa tento stáva obeťou. Celý akt má určité následky. Napadnutý sa môže brániť tak, že násilie zvládne alebo to môže skončiť tragicky, keď násiliu podľahne. Táto relatívne jednoduchá reakcia sa stáva zložitejšou pri skupinovej forme násilia a celkom neprehľadnou pri hromadnom násilí.

Opisujem tieto základné formy násilia:

• - násilie proti vlastnej osobe vrátane samovraždy,
• - násilie individuálne, spôsobené jedným aktérom násilia,
• - násilie skupinové, charakterizované malými skupinami,
• - násilie hromadné alebo kolektívne medzi veľkými skupinami, vrátane vojen a revolúcií,
• - násilie proti neživej a živej prírode.

Práca končí krátkou analýzou liečby násilného správania a dôsledkov násilia s možnosťami jej prevencie. Opieram sa aj o vlastné skúsenosti s prejavmi násilia v psychiatrických zariadeniach. Nazdávam sa, že je to práca veľmi aktuálna, informatívna, ale aj pôvodná, lebo podáva v koncentrovanej podobe celý rozsiahly fenomén násilia s jeho základnými charakteristikami. Podobnú prácu v našej literatúre nemáme.

Autor

Ingrid Hodorová - Květuše Lovásová

The publication is a continuation of the already published university textbook"Ultrasound Anatomy 1" and fills the gap in the medical literary market concerning the ultrasound view of peripheral nerves and vessels of the limbs, and neck as well.