Zdravie na dosah

Vladimíra Tomečková

Nature, as well as the human body, contains an abundant quantity of organic molecules. This textbook describes selected oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen derivatives of hydrocarbons, heterocyclic compounds of their reactions, which are important in the human body or are found in pharmaceutical active substances, poisons, foodstuffs and heat-treated food. The last part of the textbook describes the isomerism of organic compounds, which enables dynamic changes in the structure of molecules that have different properties. Nature is filled with different plants and animals and is the first laboratory to produce bioactive organic natural compounds. These compounds are compatible with human cells and are applicable as therapeutic medicine. There is an effort to reproduce natural molecules in chemical laboratories, but they cannot be as perfect as the natural ones. Synthetic molecules can serve as a model for multiple studies, but there still does not exist a magic panacea pill or a perfect copy of nature, for the treatment of various diseases. Knowledge about the regenerative and toxic effect of medicinal substances in dependence on their structure (type and number of substituents) is very important for the understanding of their role in modulation of health and disease in dependence on their concentration. Compounds can be used daily only in recommended doses (higher doses can be toxic), but still will not replace a healthy diet. People need a varied diet to be healthy, in which are all necessary nutrients, what Hippocrates demonstrated long ago “Let food be the medicine, and let medicine be the food.” This book is written for students who select bioorganic chemistry subject during the study of general medicine or dentistry as well as for motivated students who would like to practice their knowledge and wish to improve in this subject and for students who would like to learn simplified basic organic reactions with their future application in biochemistry. Learn the simple models mainly through creative simple instruction by using different colours, by repetition, practice by drawing of formulas by hand (at least three times) and memorization of common names of compounds and their reactions which have application in biochemistry. Thus, establishing simple educational methods how to distinguish organic molecules according to the colours of a functional group can promote universal learning for all students who thought that chemistry is a difficult subject, but hopefully they change their opinion after study of this book.

Keywords: organic molecules, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen derivatives of hydrocarbons, heterocyclic compounds, chemical reactions, isomerism of organic compounds

Martina Zavacká a kolektív

Kniha „DIABETICKÁ NOHA Z POHĽADU CIEVNEHO CHIRURGA“ obsahuje 14 kapitol. Pojednáva o syndróme diabetickej nohy z multidisciplinárneho pohľadu viacerých odborníkov: angiochirurga, diabetológa, chirurga, podiatra, röntgenológa, neurológa a algeziológa. Úvodné kapitoly majú charakter propedeutiky, čo má taktiež význam aj pre pregraduálnu výchovu. Nasledujúce kapitoly sa zaoberajú vznikom syndrómu, výskytom, jeho diagnostikou, terapeutickými postupmi, pridruženými postihnutiami neurologického charakteru, starostlivosťou podiatra a algeziológa pri pretrvávaní bolestí. Ďalšie časti sú vyhradené chirurgickej a endovaskulárnej liečbe tepien cestou cievneho chirurga a intervenčných angiológov. Nezabúdajúc na problematiku amputácií a správnu rehabilitáciu pacientov s diabetom.  V knihe nájdu poučenie cievni chirurgovia, angiológovia, všeobecní chirurgovia, diabetológovia, neurológia, röntgenológovia, podiatri  a všeobecní lekári.

Kniha je zdrojom najnovších teoretických i praktických informácií pre postgraduálnu výchovu vyššie spomenutých odborníkov.

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 Helena Mičková a kol. 

Eva Slabá - Jozef Židzik a kolektív

Vysokoškolská učebnica „Lekárska biológia a genetika“ poskytuje v zrozumiteľnej podobe teoretické základy bunkovej biológie, molekulovej biológie a genetiky. Obsahuje najnovšie poznatky z relevantných odborov doplnené názornými obrázkami, tabuľkami a grafmi. Prehľadne členené kapitoly zoznámia študentov s problematikou bunkovej biológie, procesov molekulovej biológie a zákonitosťami genetiky. Vysokoškolská učebnica je určená predovšetkým pre slovenských študentov I. ročníka lekárskych fakúlt. Jej obsah je podkladom pre úspešné zvládnutie obsahovej náplne predmetu biológia. Učebnica je vhodná aj ako hlavný zdroj informácií pre študentov prírodovedeckých fakúlt. Okrem základných údajov obsahujú niektoré kapitoly aj doplňujúce informácie pre lepšie pochopenie jednotlivých tematických okruhov. Tieto podrobnejšie údaje sú odlíšené veľkosťou písma a nie sú nevyhnutné pre zvládnutie skúšky z biológie. Príslušné informácie však môžu využiť i študenti vyšších ročníkov lekárskych fakúlt či študenti postgraduálneho štúdia.

 John B. West - Andrej Andrašovský

West’s Respiratory Physiology: The Essentials is the gold standard text for learning respiratory physiology quickly and easily. This highly readable, must-have text serves as an introduction to students and a review for licensing and other exams. The Tenth Edition features the addition of Dr. Andrew M. Luks as co-author along with new clinical vignettes, additional multiple-choice review questions, and updated information on key topics in respiratory physiology, such as blood flow and metabolism, gas transport by the blood, and the physiology of high altitude.

• New! Clinical vignettes with questions emphasize how the physiology described can be applied to clinical situations and reinforce reasoning and critical thinking.
• More than 100 multiple-choice questions with full explanations provide self-testing of key concepts for comprehension and exam preparation.
• Clinical boxes and Key Concepts summaries provide bullet-point reviews.
• Appendices of important equations and answers to all questions are easily referenced.
• Online resources include animations that expand on and clarify challenging topics, an interactivequestion bank, and lectures by Dr. West.

Miroslav Gajdoš - Vladimír Kaťuch

  „Neurochirurgia pre študentov medicíny“ je určená pre študentov lekárskych fakúlt. Základné informácie o neurochirurgii získajú aj študenti príbuzných odborov /zubné lekárstvo/, ale aj absolventi lekárskych fakúlt v začiatkoch svojej klinickej praxe.

Učebný text je rozdelený do desiatich kapitol. Tie sa ďalej delia na podkapitoly.

Prvá kapitola je zameraná na dejiny chirurgie, následne na dejiny neurochirurgie. V tejto kapitole autor pripomína, že operované lebky patria k najstarším dôkazom operačnej činnosti našich predkov. 

Druhá a tretia kapitola  je venovaná diagnostike a základným operačným výkonom.

Pre pochopenie patologicko-fyziologických dejov je potrebné pozorne preštudovať štvrtú kapitolu, v ktorej autor popisuje základné patologické mechanizmy, ktoré pôsobia na povrchu ale aj v hĺbke mozgových tkanív.

Piata kapitola je venovaná závažnej problematike  -  vrodeným chybám mozgu, miechy a ich podporných štruktúr.

Nie menej závažnou problematikou pre neurochirurgov sú nádory CNS,  periférnych nervov, lebky a chrbtice. Tie sú popísané v šiestej kapitole.                 

V siedmej kapitole sú popísané cievne ochorenia CNS: autor popisuje aneuryzmy mozgových ciev, ich diagnostiku a liečbu, ďalej cievne malformácie mozgu, artériovenózne malformácie mozgu a v neposlednom rade spinálne artériovenózne malformácie.

8. kapitola je čo do obsahu najrozsiahlejšia. Prináša informácie o poranení pacientov pri úraze. O ich závažnosti, diagnostike a možnej liečbe – konzervatívnej a chirurgickej.

9. kapitola je venovaná nie menej závažnej problematike, a to degeneratívnym ochoreniam chrbtice.

V 10. kapitole sa autor venuje najnovším metódam liečby chronickej bolesti a epileptochirurgii.

E-book

Štefan Tóth

Dyslipidemia is one of the main risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases. In recent years, extensive research has been conducted, leading to changes in therapeutic recommendations for dyslipidemia. These scripts aim to provide readers in the introductory chapters with information on the basic management of patients with dyslipidemia, procedures, target levels, and available medications and their combinations for achieving target levels, focusing on the practical aspect of dyslipidemia treatment. In the special section of the script, an overview is provided of the basic characteristics, studies of individual available hypolipemics, as well as hypolipemics that are not yet on our market or are still in the stage of clinical trials

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Alžbeta Blichárová - Ľudmila Verbóová - Zuzana Benetinová - Vladimír Tancoš  - Patrícia Kollárová  - Adam Nedoroščík - Erika Štammová  - Pavel Kočan

“Pathology Part 2 (summer semester) - Practical lessons for students of general medicine” represents the second half of the university textbook designed for the pregradual study of pathology. The textbook complements the lectures of pathology and serves as a source of information for students of general medicine, that are preparing for the practical credit, as well as the final oral examination.

In this part of the “Pathology” series, seventy selected histopathological slides are presented. Each selected slide is provided with general information in relation to etiology and pathogenesis of the disease, as well as with corresponding morphological features, including the gross appearance and the most important histopathological characteristics. The textbook summarizes the basic concepts of systemic (organ) pathology (pathology of the lungs, hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, urogenital system, breast, endocrine, musculoskeletal, nervous system, skin childhood and infancy), that is logical continuation and completion of general pathology in the first semester.

Keywords: systemic pathology – histopathological slides – general medicine – gross appearance – microscopic image

Michal Legiňa kol.

Progress in biology and medicine has always been significantly related to advances in physics. Not only has physics supplied instruments and methods of measurement that have led to many discoveries in physiology and medicine, but methods of physical research have changed many of the older approaches to the biologic sciences. Such circumstances have even led to development of a new scientific field: biophysics, which uses to a great extent physical instrumentation procedures applied to an experimental system. Because any instrument is an additional factor in any experimental system, it may affect the data. To interpret physical data on biological material correctly then, it is necessary to consider the characteristics of instrument response.

A practical course enables a student to acquire some skills, experience and methodological knowledge for performance of experiments and evaluation of measured data. Due to the fast development of instrumentation technology, it is not possible to teach every operation and procedure upon instruments we may use in a future. Besides the basic physical principles, the aim of a practical course is to point out some general rules and skills for instrument operation and for the interpretation of the measured values derived from such operation.

There are two kinds of lessons in practical courses. The first one focuses on laboratory measurements of some important physical quantities and the evaluation of the measured data. These measured quantities are components of the subject “medical biophysics” or of the phenomena studied. Experience provided in managing various scales and tables, as well as in the construction of tables and graphs is substantial. Lessons also enable students to repeat and to strengthen their knowledge of secondary school physics, which is useful for understanding of many phenomena studied in medical biophysics. The second kind of lesson provides experience with some of the diagnostic and therapeutic medical instruments, which can be seen in practical medicine.

The understanding of basic physical principles of corresponding instruments is both recommended and demanded. Theoretical preparation is not only an appropriate condition for the practical managing of the whole lesson, but also helps to avoid injury. This textbook, therefore, intends to help students in preparing for both the practical lessons and the final exam.

Authors

Ingrid Babinská - Monika Halánová

Epidemiológia je samostatný vedný odbor, ktorý sa zaoberá štúdiom procesu vzniku a šírenia ochorení, navrhuje opatrenia na ochranu a zlepšenie zdravia a kontroluje ich účinnosť. Jej hlavným cieľom je prispievať k znižovaniu chorobnosti a úmrtnosti, k ochrane a upevňovaniu zdravia, ako aj k predĺženiu života a zlepšeniu jeho kvality u jednotlivcov a v populácii.

Aj napriek tomu, že dominantné postavenie v celkovej morbidite a mortalite vo vyspelých krajinách majú v súčasnosti chronické neinfekčné ochorenia, epidémie infekčných ochorení sa vyskytujú stále. Dnešná doba so sebou prináša nové hrozby, ktorým musí epidemiológia, ale aj iné vedné odbory (napr. verejné zdravotníctvo, infektológia, cestovná medicína a pod.) čeliť. Ide najmä o infekcie vyvolané novými alebo novo sa objavujúcimi patogénmi, zmeny životného prostredia a životného štýlu, klimatické zmeny, rastúca rezistencia na antibiotiká, odmietanie očkovania, chudoba a pod.

Prvý diel predkladaných učebných textov prináša informácie týkajúce sa epidemiologického vyšetrovania v ohnisku nákazy, prehľad o klasifikácii infekčných chorôb z pohľadu epidemiológa a podrobnejšie sa venuje problematike črevných nákaz. Samostatná kapitola je venovaná modelovým situáciám, ktoré prispejú k pochopeniu danej problematiky a zvládnutiu obdobných situácií priamo v praxi.    

Učebné texty sú prioritne určené študentom bakalárskeho a magisterského štúdia odboru Verejné zdravotníctvo, ale určite si v ňom množstvo informácii nájdu aj študenti Všeobecného lekárstva a študenti ďalších bakalárskych a magisterských odborov Lekárskej fakulty UPJŠ v Košiciach.

Gabriela Štefková - Mária Zamboriová - Mária Sováriová Soósová - Renáta Shafout

We would like to introduce the study material/textbook Nursing Care Clinical Procedures I, which was developed to cover the curriculum of Nursing Care 1 for medical students. Clinical procedures are an essential component of nursing practice. The textbook contains four main chapters. Each chapter begins with a general explanation of the topic, followed by detailed method description of procedures to help students deliver high - quality care to patients. Some chapters also include appendi xes in order to pick up some special examples from clinical practice. The textbook strongly describes bandages because a carelessly or improperly applied bandage can cause discomfort to the patient, in many cases it may expose the wound to the danger of infection. To the best of wound knowledge, these procedures reflect currently accepted clinical practice and up-to-date information. The textbook can be easily integrated into an educational programme and can be used in the laboratory as well as in clinical practice. During the preparation of this textbook the information, facts, notes, publications, books and literature presented in the references section were also used. The publication include DVD, which is concentrated on applying bandages from head to lower extremity. DVD was developed in cooperation during IRES project. The student can also find additional information to study by following references. The reading level of Nursing Care Clinical Procedures I is designed to be comprehensible to as many students as possible, including those for whom Engl ish is a second language. We hope that this textbook will be useful to all readers. The authors take no personal responsibility for applying this information to a particular clinical practice
situation.

Mária Frankovičová - Jana Kaťuchová

Dear readers and students,

The book “Surgery for Medical Students“ is a textbook intended to be used by those studying at medical faculties and in other healthcare fields. In this textbook, the authors, encompassing all surgical specialties, have tried to provide the reader with a holistic context of the study material intended to be used in preparation for the state exam from surgery. I thank all the co-authors for their willingness and cooperation. To the students I hope you have a pleasant time reading and studying the book.

Prof. MUDr. Mária Frankovičová, PhD

E-book

Erik Dosedla

A uterine scar is currently a significant medical problem. Uterine scars most commonly occur after a Cesarean section, which is one of the most frequent laparotomic surgeries (Yazicioglu et al., 2006). The frequency of Cesarean sections increased between 1990 and 2014 in the USA from 21.2% to 32.2% (Hamilton et al., 2015), in Great Britain from 12% to 26.2% (NHS Maternity Statistics - England, 2013-14: Summary Report, 2015), and in the Slovak Republic from 8.7% to 31% (Národné centrum zdravotníckych informácii, 2016).

After a Cesarean section (CS), there is a risk of abnormal healing of the uterotomic wound, which can result in the development of certain pathological conditions in consecutive pregnancies (uterine rupture, ectopic pregnancy in the Cesarean scar, placental disorders) (Seow et al., 2004; Oyelese and Smulian, 2006; Fitzpatrick et al., 2012). In addition, a defect in the Cesarean scar is associated with chronic dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and postmenstrual spotting (Wang et al., 2009; Bij de Vaate et al., 2011).

Ultrasound is a valuable examination method in the diagnostic and therapeutic management of these pathological conditions.

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E-book

Renáta Suchanová - Lucia Dimunová

The following textbook deals with issues related to communication in medical practice which significantly affects the survival and behaviour of a patient. Communication skills and the attitude of healthcare professionals exercised towards a patient have significant impact on patient’s ability to handle treatment and his or hers co-operation during the process.

This publication is intended to serve as a guide applicable towards deeper knowledge, better comprehension and overall understanding of the mental state of an ill person, his or her needs, stances, behaviour patterns, but also his or her management of the illness. Attention is also paid to the active building of a relationship between the healthcare professional and the patient, with emphasis on respect, truthfulness, and mutual understanding in communication. Particularly accentuated are issues related to specific effective communication skills, methods, and techniques serviceable during interactions with a patient; application of empathy and proactive approach are highlighted.

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Želmíra Macejová

Vysokoškolský učebný text: “Vybrané kapitoly z reumatológie pre študentov lekárskych fakúlt“je určený na  pregraduálne štúdium pre študentov lekárskych fakúlt v študijnom odbore: všeobecné lekárstvo a zubné lekárstvo v rámci predmetu interná medicína 4. Kapitoly uvedené v danom diele zahŕňajú základy reumatológie, ktoré postačuje pre absolventa LF UPJŠ, zároveň slúži aj pre pregraduálnu prípravu v nelekárskom študijnom odbore – fyzioterapia.  Uvedené informácie sú základom pre prípravu na tzv. postupovú skúšku v rámci spoločného internistického kmeňa a zároveň podkladom aj pre špecializačné štúdium v odboroch všeobecný lekár a fyziatricko- rehabilitačný lekár. Text je rozdelený na  tieto časti:  vyšetrovacie metódy v reumatológii, terapeutické výkony v reumatológii,  autoimunitné ochorenia v reumatológii, kryštálmi indukované artritídy, infekčné artritídy, nezápalové reumatické ochorenia a metabolické ochorenia kostí. V závere je obrazová príloha k jednotlivým nozologickým jednotkám, ktoré sú podrobne opísané v texte.    

Jozef Firment a kolektív

The textbook provides a clear view of the importance of respiratory care, with an emphasis on prevention and treatment procedures. The introductory chapters present the anatomical and physiological principles of respiratory function necessary for understanding further contexts of the issue. Methods for facilitating expectoration of mucus and foreign bodies are explained. Great emphasis is placed on correct procedures for humidifying and warming the inhaled mixture, including the basics of aerosol therapy. This is an issue that is particularly important in invasive, but also non-invasive methods of ventilation therapy. The work also contains more detailed physical justifications for the explained principles. From a practical perspective, the chapters that draw attention to frequent errors in the use of humidification and aerosol technologies are also important. The texts are supplemented with many illustrative original images and explanations.

The textbook is intended primarily for doctors, nurses and physiotherapists working in the fields of anaesthesiology and intensive care, emergency medicine, in all workplaces that are dedicated to the treatment and care of patients with respiratory problems, such as pneumology, internal medicine, surgical units treating patients in the postoperative period. Last but not least, it is also an excellent supplementary study material for medical students, nursing students and paramedics.