English
Nature, as well as the human body, contains an abundant quantity of organic molecules. This textbook describes selected oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen derivatives of hydrocarbons, heterocyclic compounds of their reactions, which are important in the human body or are found in pharmaceutical active substances, poisons, foodstuffs and heat-treated food. The last part of the textbook describes the isomerism of organic compounds, which enables dynamic changes in the structure of molecules that have different properties. Nature is filled with different plants and animals and is the first laboratory to produce bioactive organic natural compounds. These compounds are compatible with human cells and are applicable as therapeutic medicine. There is an effort to reproduce natural molecules in chemical laboratories, but they cannot be as perfect as the natural ones. Synthetic molecules can serve as a model for multiple studies, but there still does not exist a magic panacea pill or a perfect copy of nature, for the treatment of various diseases. Knowledge about the regenerative and toxic effect of medicinal substances in dependence on their structure (type and number of substituents) is very important for the understanding of their role in modulation of health and disease in dependence on their concentration. Compounds can be used daily only in recommended doses (higher doses can be toxic), but still will not replace a healthy diet. People need a varied diet to be healthy, in which are all necessary nutrients, what Hippocrates demonstrated long ago “Let food be the medicine, and let medicine be the food.” This book is written for students who select bioorganic chemistry subject during the study of general medicine or dentistry as well as for motivated students who would like to practice their knowledge and wish to improve in this subject and for students who would like to learn simplified basic organic reactions with their future application in biochemistry. Learn the simple models mainly through creative simple instruction by using different colours, by repetition, practice by drawing of formulas by hand (at least three times) and memorization of common names of compounds and their reactions which have application in biochemistry. Thus, establishing simple educational methods how to distinguish organic molecules according to the colours of a functional group can promote universal learning for all students who thought that chemistry is a difficult subject, but hopefully they change their opinion after study of this book.
Keywords: organic molecules, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen derivatives of hydrocarbons, heterocyclic compounds, chemical reactions, isomerism of organic compounds
Data sheet
Ingrid Hodorová - Květuše Lovásová
Publikácia je pokračovaním už vydanej vysokoškolskej učebnice "Ultrasonografická anatómia 1" a dopĺňa ďalšiu medzeru na medicínskom literárnom trhu, týkajúcu sa ultrasonografického pohľadu na periférne nervy a cievy končatín a krku.
Cardiovascular diseases are among the main causes of morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Academic textbook: Selected Chapters from Angiology is devoted to the most common vascular diseases that the angiologist encounters on a daily basis.
Dilated artery diseases (abdominal aortic aneurysm), as well as stenotizing diseases of peripheral arteries, are described. Diseases such as deep vein thrombosis, thrombophlebitis and chronic venous insufficiency are discussed in the venous vascular system section. I also deal with the most common lymphatic vascular system disease ˗ lymphoedema.
In the individual chapters the risk factors of the diseases, symptoms and signs, diagnostics, treatment modalities (pharmacological therapy, endovascular therapy, angiosurgical therapy) and possible complications of the therapy are briefly analyzed.
My priority was to present the information in a logical, interesting and comprehensible form for students and for common clinical practice.
Author
E-book
Iveta Cimboláková a kol.
Premisa „dnešný výskum tvorí zdravotnú starostlivosť zajtrajška“ vyjadruje význam medicínskeho výskumu a dôvod jeho vykonávania. Vedecký výskum a pokroky v biomedicínskych vedách a ich aplikácia v lekárskej praxi a v procese poskytovania zdravotnej starostlivosti, však prinášajú nové problémy v oblasti etiky. Samotný biomedicínsky výskum si vyžaduje presné definovanie hypotéz, ktoré sú overované jednak v laboratórnych podmienkach ako aj na pokusných zvieratách. Aj keď klinické štúdie na ľudských subjektoch predpokladajú prospech jednotlivým účastníkom a rozvíjajú základné biomedicínske poznatky, predsa však znamenajú aj určité riziká v závislosti od charakteru výskumu. Tieto riziká musia byť minimalizované, pričom experiment sa má vykonávať slobodne a zároveň musí prebiehať v rámci špecifických opatrení na ochranu všetkých zúčastnených, a to nielen pokusných osôb, ale aj samotných výskumníkov. Je zrejmé, že každý výskum s účasťou ľudí je nevyhnutné realizovať v súlade so všeobecne prijatými etickými princípmi ako sú prospešnosť, autonómia, spravodlivosť a neškodnosť. V biomedicínskom výskume sa princíp autonómie uplatňuje osobitne v procese slobodného informovaného súhlasu, ktorý môže účastník, či už terapeutického alebo bádateľského experimentu, kedykoľvek odvolať. Je nutné uviesť, že pokroky v medicíne sú takmer vždy spojené s výskumom na zvieratách, čo si taktiež vyžaduje zabezpečenie špecifických etických noriem a prístupov. Z etického pohľadu sú zvlášť kritizované pokusy na zvieratách vykonávané pre potreby kozmetických firiem. Významnú úlohu pri posudzovaní etických aspektov a kontrole výskumných projektov či už na zvieratách alebo na človeku, zohrávajú nezávislé etické komisie. Predložená publikácia poskytuje prehľad všeobecných podmienok a etických zásad výskumu zahrňujúceho laboratórne zvieratá a ľudské subjekty, problematiku odborného a etického posudzovania projektov ako aj podvodu a publikovania výsledkov. V súčasnosti sme svedkami nesmierneho pokroku v molekulárne-biologických vedách, čo prináša etické dilemy aj v oblasti genetiky. Z uvedeného dôvodu je jedna z kapitol venovaná najnovším poznatkom v tejto oblasti.
E-book
Libuša Tirpáková a kol.
Primary care is the first level of the health system where people come with their health problems and where the health promotion and preventive care treatments and needs of the majority of the population are implemented.
The university textbook, which is organized in nine chapters, offers an overview of general outpatient health care from a nursing perspective. It characterizes the nursing process in ambulatory health care and models of nursing care. It addresses the implementation of advanced practice nursing in ambulatory health care and the role of the nurse in prevention and health promotion.
The textbook is intended for nursing students in both undergraduate and postgraduate education, as well as those interested in other health professions.
E-book
Ivana Skoumalová - Zuzana Dankulincová
The publication entitled Competencies for clinical practice in the field of communication with the patient serves as the background and teaching material. The text is structured to bring theoretical knowledge about the topic, current research findings in the field and practical tips for training skills in practice. It provides clear information on individual parts of the training and is designed to acquire knowledge that is the basis for practical skills in medical communication, especially in communication with patients. It is intended for general and dental students to deepen their knowledge and acquire missing skills in medical communication, which are evidence-based and research-validated skills that have a demonstrable positive impact on patient communication.
E-book
Ladislav Kočan - Dušan Rybár - Róbert Rapčan
The autonomic nervous system is a vital component of the peripheral nervous system, responsible for maintaining homeostasis and regulating internal processes within the body. Unlike the voluntary control exerted by the central nervous system, the autonomic nervous system operates involuntarily, innervating smooth organs, vessels, skin glands, and even exerting some influence over skeletal muscles in connection with vegetative functions such as breathing, digestion, and the urinary and gonadal systems. Its impact extends crucially to the cardiac muscles of the heart and plays a significant role in endocrine and metabolic functions, thermoregulation, as well as emotional and behavioral responses, including adaptive reactions to stressors.
The aim of this publication is to provide a comprehensive and objective exploration of the anatomical and physiological intricacies of the autonomic nervous system, offering insights into its clinical applications. Within these pages, we meticulously delineate various interventional therapeutic procedures tailored to specific diagnoses related to the autonomic nervous system, aligning each intervention with the anatomical framework of the autonomic system. The efficacy of these procedures is evaluated based on the level of evidence, as per the current recommendations of Evidence-Based Medicine.
This publication is primarily crafted for fifth and sixth-year medical students and medical professionals specializing in anesthesiology, intensive care, and pain medicine. It serves as a valuable resource for gaining a deeper understanding of autonomic nervous system function and its clinical implications, facilitating informed decision-making in clinical practice.
E-book
Mária Sováriová Soósová, Renáta Suchanová, Libuša Tirpáková
Predkladaná vysokoškolská učebnica prináša poznatky z oblasti ošetrovateľskej starostlivosti u pacientov s ochoreniami srdcovo-cievneho systému. Je určená pre poslucháčov odboru ošetrovateľstvo v rámci pregraduálneho a postgraduálneho vzdelávania, sestrám pracujúcim v tejto oblasti, ako aj ďalším odborníkom z nelekárskych vedných disciplín, ktorí sa zaoberajú starostlivosťou o pacientov s kardio-vaskulárnymi chorobami.
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E-book
Nikita Bobrov a kol.
Pojem lekárska etika je interpretovaný ako aplikovaná a zároveň aj profesijná etika. Ako bioetická disciplína pozostáva z troch normatívnych častí, a to biogenézy, bioterapie a tanatológie. Z etického aspektu je medicína súčasťou klinickej bioetiky, avšak v súčasnej etape ešte chýba „etika založená na dôkazoch“ (evidence-based ethics). V podmienkach štandardizácie zdravotnej starostlivosti dochádza k nadmernému rozvoju niektorých súčastí bioetiky (ako napr. etické kódexy, koncepcia autonómie pacienta), ale aj k redukcii najmä jej klinickej zložky (ako komunikácia, tanatológia, eutanázia, dystanázia, márna liečba). Súčasným legislatívnym úsilím dochádza k redukcii práv zdravotníckych pracovníkov, predovšetkým v korporatívnej autonómii. Základnou úlohou lekárskej etiky je výchova medicínskeho profesionalizmu, ktorý je definovaný ako profesijné zosúladenie odborného, etického a právneho uvažovania a ako východiskový stav pre rozmýšľanie v hodnotových reláciách, s reflektovaním bioetického priestoru v klinickej a odbornej praxi. Keďže spoločnosť deklaruje zdravie ako svoju prioritu, tak by táto priorita mala pozitívne ovplyvňovať celý systém zdravotnej starostlivosti a jej základnou ideou by mal byť systém zdravotníctva založený na humanistickej etickej paradigme so spoločenskou a profesijnou aplikáciou. Morfologické a predklinické disciplíny v prvých ročníkoch výučby študentov majú veľký význam, nakoľko formujú u študentov úctu k ľudskej podstate cez etický vzťah k anatomickým preparátom a k biologickému materiálu pochádzajúcemu z mŕtveho ľudského tela. Na viacerých morfologických ústavoch a katedrách vidíme tradičné mottá „Hic locus est, ubi mors gaudet succurere vitae“ (Tu smrť slúži pre víťazstvo života) alebo „Mortui vivos docent“ (Mŕtvi učia živých), ktoré reflektujú hlboký humanistický zmysel štúdia anatómie, patológie a iných disciplín na telách zomrelých ľudí s uplatnením základných princípov bioetiky, ako je celistvosť osoby a osobnosti, váženie si ľudských hodnôt a autonómie. Každý človek je jedinečný a neopakovateľný nielen z hľadiska odlišnej farby pleti, vlasov, očí, stavby tela, ale ja z pohľadu vnímania, zmýšľania a temperamentu. V určitom momente existencie človeka však prichádza životný útlm, choroba alebo úraz, stav, kedy sa všetko úplne zastaví a už nikdy sa nevráti späť. Stane sa tak či už prirodzenou alebo násilnou smrťou. Otázky týkajúce sa problematiky umierania, smrti a posmrtných zmien a ich etické a právne aspekty sa práve analyzujú a zodpovedajú v rámci štúdia tanatológie a humánnej tafonómie.
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University scripts “Visceral pathology of vascular origin“analyze one of the most challenging vascular regions, the aorta and the visceral aortic branches, from the surgical perspective. The diagnostic and the treatment aneurysms of the abdominal aorta are dedicated to the first chapter. Early diagnostic and operative treatment is crucial in the treatment of ruptured aneurysms of the abdominal aorta. Shortening of the interval between the patient’s arrival with ruptured aneurysm of the abdominal aorta into the hospital and the beginning of the operation decreased the perioperative mortality. This shortening, together with the use of the cell savers, led to the dropping of perioperative mortality from 50% to 20%. The diagnostics and surgical treatment of the acute and chronic occlusion of the aorta and iliac arteries are analyzed in the second chapter. In this chapter, the focus is given to the aortobifemoral bypass as “the gold standard“ of the surgical therapy of aortoiliac atherosclerosis. The management of acute mesenteric ischemia is the content of the third chapter. Acute mesenteric ischemia is a severe condition with high mortality. The problem of acute mesenterial ischemia is a delayed diagnostic that is the reason for poor therapeutical outcomes of the disease. The possible imagine studies and operations used in treating acute mesenteric ischemia are brought in this chapter. Chronic mesenteric ischemia leads to cachexia. The diagnosis of chronic mesenterial ischemia is one of the most demanding, and surgical therapy used in the treatment of chronic mesenterial ischemia also belongs to the most challenging operations. Left-sided colon ischemia belongs to the severe complications of the aortoiliac reconstructions. Left-sided colon ischemia has a high mortality. In the prevention of the left-sided colon, ischemia is preserving at least one internal iliac artery. The complex diagnostics treatment of intraabdominal compressive syndromes as Dunbar syndróme, „Nutcracker“ syndróme a Wilkie syndróme, analyzed in the last chapter.
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E-book
There is still little complete information about the system of care for adolescents with emotional and behavioral problems, especially in Slovakia. Therefore, the main aim of this publication is to summarize and present current findings of the Care4Youth project, not only about the system, but also about the role of particular actors involved in the care of these adolescents, including family, professionals and schools. In the chapters, we take a closer look at the cooperation of all involved actors and, from the point of view of care providers from different types of institutions, we will describe all barriers that negatively affect adequate and effective help as well as suggestions how the identified barriers could be eliminated.
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Nikita Bobrov a kol.
History of ethics represents a search for basic principle, which would enable a distinction between moral and immoral, good and bad, right and wrong. The main problem lies in motives, methods and consequences of human conduct. The integrity of medical profession puts emphasis on life-long study and practice according to the professional competence, and last but not least on ethical principles and rules of medical ethics.
Medical ethics, as a part of bioethics, is currently taking on a huge importance in everyday clinical practice and must face many serious ethical issues regarding the whole system of health care. On general level the decision-making in medical practice is quite easy, based on the requirement to always act in the patient's best interest. However, it is often difficult to know exactly what is best for the patient, in a certain situation, for this particular patient. Also with each progress in medicine and its globalization, the more aspects of human lives are being affected. Biomedical research, and the new treatment and diagnostic methods it provides are viewed differently in each country, therefore various cultural, religious, social and legal aspects must be considered in their assessment, as well as the basic principles of medical ethics. Worldwide effort on unifying ethical regulations on certain aspects of health care led to the establishment of many legally recognized documents the doctors must be familiar with. Teaching ethics to students of medical school aims to educate the future doctors towards ethical decision-making, behaviour and professional conduct according to the basic principles of medical ethics.
This textbook provides the basic information on medical ethics for students of medical faculties and serves as a practical introduction to the most common ethical problems of health care provision for their future professional practise.
Authors
Silvia Timková - Marcel Riznič - Jozef Minčík
Vysokoškolský učebný text Ochorenia jazyka sa zameriava na anomálie a choroby postihujúce jazyk. V jednotlivých kapitolách opisuje vrodené stavy, s ktorými sa na jazyku stretávame, ich diagnostiku ako aj možnosti liečby, ako aj jednotlivé samostatné chorobné jednotky. Úvodnú kapitolu tvoria lokálne ochorenia jazyka, kedy ochorenie nemá prejavy na iných ústnych slizniciach. Ďalšou skupinou sú ochorenia, kde je symptomatológia choroby prítomná na jazyku, ale aj na ostatných ústnych slizniciach. Okrem týchto stavov vznikajúcich priamo v ústnej dutine sú v ďalších kapitolách rozobraté stavy, kde celkové ochorenia, akými sú infekčné, endokrinologické, krvné a dermatologické ochorenia vyvolávajú zmeny na jazyku. Samostatné kapitoly sú venované prekanceróznym stavom a benígnym a tumoriformným léziam. Poslednú kapitolu tvoria ochorenia jazyka u detskej populácie.
Vedecká monografia sa zaoberá determinantmi zdravia, zdravou výživou, jej základnými zložkami, dôsledkami nezdravej výživy a alternatívnymi trendmi vo výžive. Súčasťou práce je aj výskum zameraný na vybrané faktory životného štýlu vysokoškolákov, najmä výživu, stravovanie a pohybovú aktivitu. Vedecká monografia je vhodná pre vedeckú komunitu, študentov medicínskych, a prírodovedných odborov, verejného zdravotníctva troch stupňov vysokoškolského štúdia. Monografia je učená pre záujemcov z radov informovanej verejnosti.
Slovenčina
