Zelené ambície v podmienkach európskeho a medzinárodného práva

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Milena Barinková (ed.)

Proceedings from the IV Annual Student Symposium on Labor Law held on April 5–6, 2019, in Danišovce

The term "Industrial Revolution 4.0" is currently widely used, yet remains mysterious and its content unfamiliar to many. While we do not claim omniscience, through the educational process at the Faculty of Law of Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice and the scientific research of the Department of Labor Law and Social Security Law, we have delved into examining the accompanying features and anticipated phenomena of this modern industrial revolution.

It can be stated with great certainty that this revolution already affects—and will continue to affect—production processes, including radical changes in their structure, the emergence of groundbreaking technological and communication tools, and, undoubtedly, labor relations. The rise of new forms and methods of work based on automation and digitalization, applied within new models of labor relations, is beginning to threaten jobs in certain sectors of the economy. There is an increasing demand for specialized qualifications and skills, particularly in information technology, with an emphasis on process digitalization, data processing, and the creation of communication networks connecting objects and people. This intelligent industry inevitably disqualifies many existing jobs from their current structures, leading to job losses for numerous employees. Analysts openly predict that by 2030, robots will replace up to 20 million industrial jobs worldwide.

The vision of which occupations or working conditions will be impacted is becoming increasingly concrete. Radical changes will require radical solutions as well as previously unknown movements and new elements or measures in the labor market.

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Adrián Popovič a kol.

The possibility of solving the grant project VVGS-2016-284 has provided a unique opportunity for members of the author´s team in the interdisciplinary composition to examine the issue not only from a tax-law point of view, but also from a political point of view. In the presented monograph, the authors focused on the characterization of different aspects of the EU in order to allow the reader correctly understand its position in relation to the outside world and to its inward relations within its Member States in the context of the creation and implementation of the EU tax policy.

Particular attention is paid to the definition of the relationship between national tax legislation and EU law, the impact of the EU's tax policy on the national laws of its Member States, with reference to the identification of the harmonized areas with the approximation of their current stage of development and the final objective. This definition can be seen as a prerequisite for a correct and comprehensive understanding of the application and implementation of EU institutions' initiatives to prevent tax evasion and tax fraud and their implementation into the national legal order of the Slovak Republic. In the last part of the monograph, the authors focused on defining individual EU initiatives to combat tax evasion and tax fraud as a means of implementing its tax policy, in the area of ​​indirect taxation, in particular in the field of value added tax and in the field of direct taxation, especially with regard to corporate taxation, and to evaluate their projection into the national tax legislation of the Slovak Republic. At the same time, in these chapters, they assessed the real impact and effect of the measures admitted on the basis of the initiatives in practice.

The presented work is intended for a university student studying in the field of Tax Law and European Law, as well as the broader legal and economic community. However, in view of the scope and recency of the subject under consideration, the authors believe that the publication will find its application not only in the theoretical field but also in the practical field.

 JUDr. Adrián Popovič

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Ľudmila Elbert

The presented scientific monograph addresses the issue of the Rule of Law and its place, roles, and particularities at the level of international law. The Rule of Law is understood as a value that should govern communities, both domestic and international. It is thus compared to Kelsen’s basic norm, which should stand at the top of the legal order as the norm justifying the validity and existence of the norms of the legal order, both domestic and international.

Although the Rule of Law is studied at the international law level, it cannot be considered without understanding the Rule of Law in domestic law. Just as its development differs depending on whether it evolved within Anglo-American or continental law, its application and development also differ between domestic law and international law.

These differences are mainly caused by the roles and objectives that international Rule of Law is meant to secure, as well as by the distinct characteristics of domestic and international law.

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Erik Štenpien - Lucia Pištejová  - Ivan Svatuška (eds.)

Proceedings of the international scientific conference held on April 13-14, 2023, organized by the Department of History of State and Law, Faculty of Law, University of Pavel Jozef Šafárik in Košice.

The presented collection provides a summary of scientific works from the last international conference dealing with the issue of the Trianon Peace Treaty and the negotiations during the peace conference after 1918. The collection contains scientific contributions from members of the research team of the APVV 19-0419 project, as well as other experts from the field of legal history. Through their contributions, they offer an insight into the complex processes of the formation of Europe after the First World War. They approximate the essential and relatively complicated processes of negotiations on important issues of the post-war arrangement and the further direction of individual countries. Contributions of foreign legal historians, which bring an alternative view of the examined issue, are a stimulating contribution to the collection.

The anthology includes scientific studies related to the investigated issue, often with an overlap with the present. The collection also includes scientific contributions with positive legal topics. The collection in the presented form is thus primarily intended for readers from the professional public.

Last but not least, it can interest the lay public interested in the issue of the post-war arrangement and Slovak-Hungarian relations.

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Ján Klučka - Ľudmila Elbert

The present monograph "Regionalism and its Contribution to General International Law" was written at the Institute of European Law and Department of International Law, Faculty of Law, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, as a part of the project (APVV-O823-11) carried out in 2011-2015, representing one of its final publication utputs. 

The main reason for choosing the topic was to evaluate regionalism in its various relationships and forms with respect to international law, and also to evaluate the place,importance and duties of international law in respect to the establishment and functioning of various forms of regionalgroups.

It is a fact that even though a lot of attention has been paid to regionalism, a more complex evaluation of the impact it has had on international law, and vice versa, is still lacking. The efforts of the present monograph are to partially eliminate this gap.

After giving a brief insight into how regionalism has developed, its content and terminology, the monograph studies in more details individual types of regionalism in the form of old and new regionalism, as well as treaty and institutional regionalism; its specifications and contributions to the international law.

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bolya Katalin Koncz

The exploration of the interplay between innovation and society elucidates fundamental connections between human advancement and societal transformation. Technological development and its dissemination profoundly influence both the economy and social structures, often restructuring them while presenting new challenges and opportunities. This monograph delves into the theme of "Innovation and Society", focusing specifically on how technological advancements impact various facets of society ‒ from the realm of work to social policies and the evolution of gender roles. These areas are approached through a novel lens, examining them from the perspective of legislative reforms enacted and endorsed by the state. The monograph examines the characteristics and legal framework of 20th-century Hungarian society using diverse laws, regulations, and statistical data. Through analyses and documented evidence, it offers a comprehensive understanding of societal structure and operations, encompassing aspects such as the labor market, female employment, the status of industry and commerce, and shifts in legal frameworks. Detailed statistical insights into population dynamics, labor market trends, and economic sectors further deepen our comprehension of social processes. The documents scrutinize the employment distribution and conditions across different sectors, including food processing and milling, while also providing specific details on the roles, distribution, and wages of women in the workforce, with particular emphasis on occupations where women are prominently engaged. The analysis of legislative provisions delineates the historical backdrop and measures enacted for fostering social and economic transformations, covering issues such as patent legislation, guardianship laws, and family law. This compilation offers an exhaustive overview of 20th-century Hungarian society and its legal underpinnings, enriching scholarly inquiries into historical and sociological dimensions within this domain.

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Jana Žuľová (ed.)

Collection of Scientific Works

Article 35 of the Constitution of the Slovak Republic guarantees everyone the right to freely choose their profession and receive training for it, as well as the right to engage in entrepreneurial or other gainful activity. Everyone has the right to freely decide whether to secure their livelihood through self-employment—with all the associated consequences and risks—or through employment within labor-law relationships by performing dependent work.

The framework and rules for exercising these rights are primarily regulated by labor, commercial, and tax legislation, each with its own set of rights and obligations applicable specifically to entrepreneurs and employees. Constant competitive pressure, along with the effects of economic crises, pushes employers to seek ways to extract the most from workers while optimizing for the lowest possible insurance, administrative, and tax costs. As a result, employment contracts are being terminated, and under the pressure of losing their income, individuals are "voluntarily" shifting to commercial-law relationships.

This situation, along with other distortions in the labor market, confronts those entitled to work with unfair practices by employers, thereby undermining their ability to freely exercise this fundamental right.

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Jozef Sábo

The monograph deals with two fundamental aspects concerning evaluation of evidence in the law. In the first part, the monograph addresses the question: „How it is possible to apply law in individual case, if human knowledge about past is objectively limited and flawed?“ (e.g. what is the nature of truth in the law?). The second part of the monograph identifies certain models of reasoning concerning factual questions which occur across different individual legal cases (especially tax cases and criminal cases). In that regard, the monograph draws from Anglo-American legal scholarship and deals with three main concepts concerning evaluation of evidence: argumentation, probability and narratives and their role in evaluation of evidence.

The monograph is the output of the grant project APVV no. 16-0160 which deals with the issue of tax evasion and tax avoidance (especially their motivating factors, emergence, and elimination). The author believes that better understanding of evaluation of evidence may contribute to the improvement in effectiveness of tax administration.

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Jana Žuľová a kol.

The presented publication is intended for employers, managers, and HR professionals who process employees' personal data for various employment-related purposes and need to conduct an audit of their processing in compliance with the GDPR and the new Personal Data Protection Act. The publication will also be useful for new employers who are encountering data protection for the first time and need to establish internal data protection rules, essentially starting from scratch.

The reader has the opportunity to gain a comprehensive understanding of the data protection rules applicable in the employment sector, the obligations of the employer, and the rights of the data subject, i.e., job applicants, employees, and former employees.

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Ľudmila Elbert - Ľubica Gregová Širicová (eds.)

In addition to acquiring theoretical knowledge, it is necessary to study and analyze the decisions of international judicial and arbitration bodies in order to fully understand the subject of the Public International Law or disciplines closely related to it.

Since the Slovak literature in the field of Public International Law does not contain any electronic textbook of selected decisions of international judicial and arbitration bodies, the authors of the submitted publication aim to eliminate this gap by elaborating the “Public International Law Casebook”, which will primarily be intended for undergraduate students of the law faculties in the Slovak republic and the Czech republic.

The proposed publication seeks to make the study of international law more attractive through a publication that will make students familiar with the decisions translated into the Slovak language in a popular electronic form.

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Ladislav Orosz - Diana Horňáková - Patrik Mário Čerňanský

This scientific proceedings volume serves as the final joint publication output of essentially the entire research team of the aforementioned scientific project. It consists of contributions presented at the scientific seminar The Constitution of the Slovak Republic and Its Perspectives. Improving the Constitutional Text and Increasing the Authority of the Slovak Constitution – A Real Possibility or a Naive Illusion? held from November 23 to 25, 2022, at the training and educational facility of UPJŠ in Košice, Danišovce. The final form of the contributions emerged from the constructive scientific discourse that accompanied the entire course of this seminar.

The content of this scientific proceedings volume, which we offer not only to the broad (especially legal-political) professional public but also primarily to Slovak constitution makers, includes, alongside contributions from members of the research team and invited guests, the literary debut works of doctoral students from the organizing Department of Constitutional and Administrative Law of the Faculty of Law of UPJŠ and the Department of Public Law Disciplines of the Faculty of Public Administration of UPJŠ in Košice. These works thematically correspond to the tasks addressed within the aforementioned scientific project “Constitutional Activity of the National Council of the Slovak Republic (Legal-Political Analysis – Evaluation – Perspectives).”

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Jozef Suchoža - Ján Husár - Regina Hučková

In 2020 and 2021, the tradition of holding the Law – Business – Economics conference was exceptionally interrupted due to the unprecedented situation associated with the spread of Covid-19. This year, the situation allows us to restore the tradition of our Tatra conference and, after two years, to once again meet in person with our traditional domestic and international participants. At the same time, we look forward to welcoming participants who are attending our conference for the first time (and we hope it will not be the last).

You are holding in your hands the proceedings of scientific papers, published in connection with the implementation of scientific projects at the scientific workplace – the Department of Commercial and Economic Law, as the main organizer of the scientific conference, as well as at other departments of the Faculty of Law at UPJŠ and at many academic institutions both at home and abroad. The proceedings are published with the support of the Slovak Research and Development Agency. The editors would like to thank everyone who contributed their scientific articles, as well as the reviewers for their valuable comments and recommendations.

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Ján Husár - Regina Hučková (eds.)

Proceedings LAW – BUSINESS – ECONOMICS XIV. present an interdisciplinary collection of scholarly contributions that reflect current trends, challenges, and developments in the fields of law, business, and economics. The publication brings together authors from academia as well as professional practice and offers analytical, comparative, and application-oriented studies. The thematic core of the proceedings consists primarily of issues related to contemporary legal regulation and its impacts on the business environment, economic aspects of legislative changes, as well as topics such as digital transformation, international trade, and financial markets. The contributions are characterized by their topical relevance, academic depth, and emphasis on connecting theory with practical solutions. The proceedings are intended for the professional public, academics, students of law and economics, as well as practitioners working in the legal, business, and economic spheres. They represent a valuable source of information for understanding current interdisciplinary trends and their effects on the legal and economic environment.

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Jana Žuľová(ed.)

Proceedings from the 1st Annual Student Symposium on Labor Law held on April 8–9, 2016 in Danišovce

Discussions on the topic of privacy are currently very topical and interesting. The advancement and progress of technology have added a new dimension to individual privacy. With the use of modern electronic devices, terms such as precious commodity, chimera, or illusion are increasingly associated with privacy. Workplaces have not remained immune to modernization either. Machines are replacing human labor, programming and planning the production process, but also controlling, monitoring, and recording the fulfillment of assigned work tasks.

The availability of technology and its implementation in employers’ operations intrude upon the personal and private sphere of employees, which is an inherent part of every person’s life and does not remain left behind the doors of the workplace. Proper and correct use of monitoring mechanisms by employers means not only mastering their technical installation at the workplace and covering the associated financial costs, but also respecting the privacy of employees.

It cannot be overlooked that the right to privacy is among the fundamental human rights and freedoms, enjoying the corresponding characteristics (inalienability, non-transferability, irrevocability, etc.) and appropriate legal protection. And even though it is not absolute and may be suspended in favor of another right (especially the employer’s right to protect their property), every intervention—such as comprehensive camera surveillance, monitoring of phone calls, email correspondence, blocking certain websites, etc.—always has adverse consequences for the privacy of the employee.

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Renáta Bačárová, Kristián Vassay (eds.)

The proceedings Consumers and Traders Online: Legal and Economic Challenges of Digital Markets present a collection of scientific studies addressing contemporary issues of digital market functioning within the European Union. The contributions analyse legal, economic and technological dimensions of digital services, particularly in the context of the VEGA project 1/0431/23 focused on the conflict of interests between consumers and traders in the delivery of digital content and services. The studies highlight the dynamic growth of the digital economy, bringing new regulatory challenges, issues of data protection and enforcement of consumer rights. The authors examine topics such as geographical indications in the digital environment, the use of artificial intelligence in public enforcement, fintech regulation, liability for damages, and the impacts of the Digital Services Act (DSA) and the Digital Markets Act (DMA). The proceedings also expose increasing fragmentation of responsibility across digital actors and emphasise the need for a harmonised EU regulatory framework. Further attention is given to evolving consumer behaviour, cybersecurity risks, deepfake technologies, the functioning of online marketplaces and digital payment systems. A significant part of the analysis addresses the role of major online platforms, their obligations and influence on transparency in digital markets. The publication offers an interdisciplinary perspective combining law, economics and technology, representing an important contribution to the discourse on modern consumer protection in the digital era.

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Miroslav Štrkolec   Anna Vartašová Tímea Jančiová

This proceedings of scientific papers presents papers from the international scientific conference of the same name, which took place from 24 to 26 September 2025 at the UPJŠ in Košice and was supported by the projects APVV-23-0158 "Reform of the Customs Union in the Era of Electronic Commerce in the Slovak Republic" and VEGA 1/0698/25 "Development Fee as a Tool for the Development of Municipalities and Cities in the Slovak Republic". Individual papers are aimed at addressing current issues of tax law, budgetary law and financial market law in the context of the challenges of the ongoing multi-crisis (starting with the COVID-19 pandemic, the war in Ukraine, the extreme increase in energy and other supplies costs or inflation, and the subsequent need for consolidation of public finances). The papers are divided into two parts, where in the first part, indivídua! authors focus on national reports - a comprehensive assessment of the impacts of the aforementioned multi-crisis in individual V4 countries - in the areas of taxes, budgets and financial markets, and in the second part, individua! Authors focus on more specific issues in the aforementioned three thematic areas.

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