Patológia 1.časť Praktické cvičenia pre študentov zubného lekárstva

Mária Mareková  et al.

Predmet Lekárska biochémia plní v medicínskom štúdiu nezastupiteľnú úlohu, naučiť študentov vnímať prirodzené, fyziologické, ako aj chorobné procesy v organizme ako deje odohrávajúce sa na molekulovej úrovni. Na rozlíšenie patologických pochodov od normálnych je potrebné zvládnuť a pochopiť zmysel obrovského množstva biochemických reakcií prebiehajúcich v bunke (bunkový metabolizmus). Osvojenie si týchto faktov je hlavným cieľom predmetu Lekárska biochémia, ktorého zvládnutie je dobrým základom pre štúdium patobiochémie, fyziológie a klinickej biochémie, ako aj mnohých ďalších odborných predmetov medicínskeho štúdia. Pre lepšie zvládnutie a pochopenie biochemických procesov sme pre študentov pripravili vysokoškolskú učebnicu „Lekárska biochémia – Semináre“, ktorá poskytuje študentom okrem teoretických úvodov aj prehľadné schémy procesov a mnoho otázok, vypracovanie ktorých by malo študentom uľahčiť prípravu na skúšku.

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Pavol Joppa a kol.

University textbooks address the etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, complications, and prognosis of the most significant non-specific respiratory diseases, including bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonias, pleural syndrome, lung cancer, interstitial lung diseases (including exogenous allergic alveolitis and sarcoidosis), and sleep apnea syndrome.

The final section on non-specific diseases discusses chronic cor pulmonale as the primary cardiovascular complication of chronic pulmonary diseases.

The last chapter focuses on the etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of pulmonary and extrapulmonary forms of tuberculosis, addressing the scope of phthisiology

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Radoslav Morochovič - Rastislav Burda -

Ľuboš Tomčovčík - Peter Cibur - Štefan Ivanecký

Vysokoškolský učebný text určený pre študentov všeobecného lekárstva, zubného lekárstva a fyzioterapie, ktorý obsahuje podstatné časti z predmetu úrazová chirurgia potrebných na zvládnutie vysokoškolského štúdia.

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Silvia Mišíková

This learning text deals with heart rhythm disorders. The book is intended for medical students. There are in a simple way characterized bradycardic and tachycardic heart rhythm disorders. The script explains mechanism of arrhythmias, symptoms, diagnostics, and differential diagnostics and treatment. The greatest emphasis is focused on detection of the arrhythmias based on the surface ECG. All arrhythmias are explained by clinical ECG.

In conclusion, there is ECG quiz which consists of 27 clinical ECG records.

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František Sabola kol.

Although we are not really sure if “Love is coming from the Heart” and nor we know where “the Residence of Soul” is, we are still overwhelmed by its unprecedented effort to keep us alive. Our lives are nowadays fulfilled with enormous chances to satisfy our needs and wishes. Hand in hand is changing our way of life, the intake of calories is growing and the amount of physical activity decreasing. We live longer and maybe happier but our hearts
and vessels are like mirrors showing us how we live. Diseases of the Heart and vessels have become the number one cause of death in highly developed countries including our homeland.
Prevention of cardiovascular diseases has become and an important social and health care system issue. The knowledge requirement of basic principles of cardiology and heart surgery is increasing. Without an understanding of basic principles a good clinical practice is hardly possible.
Together with my Colleagues of Heart surgery department of VÚSCH and LF UPJŠ we prepared this short overview of basic knowledge about surgery of the human heart. We hope that reading it will be more an adventure than a painful journey. If you find some answers to your unanswered questions our effort was not a waste of time.

Authors

Mária Mareková a kol.

Predkladaná vysokoškolská učebnica predstavuje základy biochémie a je určená predovšetkým pre bakalárske  študijné programy (napr. ošetrovateľstvo, fyzioterapia, verejné zdravotníctvo). Vysokoškolská učebnica predstavuje zjednodušenú alternatívu lekárskej biochémie a je svojím obsahom aj rozsahom vhodná pre študentov nelekárskych študijných odborov. Okrem priblíženia základných metabolických dejov prebiehajúcich v organizme človeka, ponúka aj stručný prehľad klinicko-biochemických parametrov štandardne vyšetrovaných pri podozrení na ich poruchy. Snaží sa poskytnúť študentom, predovšetkým zdravotníckych študijných programov, základy lekárskej a klinickej biochémie a oboznámiť ich s najčastejšie používanými metódami v biochemickom laboratóriu v primeranom rozsahu. Chce prispieť k prehĺbeniu vedomostí o metabolizme zdravého, ale i chorého človeka, resp. o klinicko-biochemických diagnostických postupoch a laboratórnych vyšetreniach a vzbudiť záujem o ďalšie vzdelávanie. Budeme radi, ak poslúži nielen ako príprava na skúšku, ale bude inšpiráciou napr. pre realizáciu diplomových prác zameraných na vedecko-výskumnú oblasť klinickej biochémie či laboratórnej medicíny. 

Autorky

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Marianna Vitková

Current classification of demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system according to van der Knaap and Valko from 2005 includes 97 congenital and acquired diseases that cause demyelination of the white matter of the brain and spinal cord. Most of these disorders lacks any definitive diagnostic test, so the accurate diagnosis depends on upon clinical symptoms, course of the disease, neurological findings, and the results of neuroimaging and laboratory examinations.

The aim of this textbook is to provide an accurate overview of acquired demyelinating diseases of the CNS, their etiopathogenesis, clinical picture and diagnostic options.

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Marek Šoltés - Jozef Radoňak

Laparoscopic surgery today represents the standard and, in many respects, a preferred modality of surgical treatment. The dynamics of its global expansion, enabled by advancements in biomedical technologies and the development of global information and communication channels, is unprecedented in the history of surgery. Currently, there is virtually no abdominal operation that is not performed laparoscopically, with laparoscopic procedures often being the method of choice.

Despite—or perhaps because of—the unprecedentedly rapid penetration of laparoscopic surgeries into everyday surgical practice, universally accepted technical standards are still lacking in many respects. The high variability of procedural approaches within individual laparoscopic operations stems more from the traditions of specific workplaces than from evidence-based medicine. This situation is further influenced by the development of new and revived concepts such as mini-laparoscopy, SILS (Single Incision Laparoscopic Surgery), NOTES (Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery), and their hybrid combinations with classical laparoscopy.

The aim of this monograph is to draw the attention of the professional community back to the fundamental principles of laparoscopic surgery, which should serve as a foundation for the effective and safe performance of laparoscopic operations, as well as a basis for a critical stance towards fashionable innovative trends.

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Jozef Radoňak a kol.

Skriptá chirurgická propedeutika predstavujú učebné texty prinášajúce pohl'ad do histórie chirurgie cez všeobecne platné princípy chirurgie, moderné diagnostické a terapeutické metó­dy. Patričná pozornost' sa venuje základom chirurgickej onkológie, úrazovej chirurgie, anesteziológie a resuscitácie ako aj liečbe krvácania, infekcie, šoku či transplantáciám. Súčas­ťou textu sú aj kapitoly z vojnovej chirurgie.

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Tatiana Kimáková - Vladimír Pavlík

The scientific monograph focuses on the characteristics of free radicals, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, oxidative stress, and its impact on various diseases. A significant portion is dedicated to antioxidants, their classification based on multiple criteria, the characteristics of selected antioxidants in terms of their functions, manifestations of their deficiency and excess, and the overall antioxidant capacity of the body.

A special section is devoted to enzyme-based antioxidants, natural sources of antioxidants in the form of vitamins, trace elements, flavonoids, polyphenols, and coenzyme Q10. To provide a clearer understanding of antioxidants and their influence on population health, the monograph presents results from a research project included in the program "Research Support for Enhancing the Defense Capabilities of the Czech Republic in NATO Structures."

The research was conducted between 2010 and 2012 as part of preventive rehabilitation programs for professional soldiers with a sports component. The study involved 218 professional soldiers, including 180 men and 38 women, with an average age of 33.3 years. The current health status and dietary habits of the soldiers were assessed using questionnaires.

The study described the saturation of the observed group with antioxidant vitamins and statistically evaluated the relationship between their levels and the risk indicators for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Individual analyses were performed using the Reflotron device calibrated with Reflotron Precinorm control serum. Following blood collection, all participants underwent anthropometric examinations (body weight, height, waist circumference), blood pressure measurements, heart rate monitoring, and physical fitness assessments through simple functional tests.

This scientific monograph is suitable for the scientific community, students of medical, veterinary, and natural sciences, as well as public health students at all levels of university education. It is also intended for informed members of the public.

Authors

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Erik Dosedla

A uterine scar is currently a significant medical problem. Uterine scars most commonly occur after a Cesarean section, which is one of the most frequent laparotomic surgeries (Yazicioglu et al., 2006). The frequency of Cesarean sections increased between 1990 and 2014 in the USA from 21.2% to 32.2% (Hamilton et al., 2015), in Great Britain from 12% to 26.2% (NHS Maternity Statistics - England, 2013-14: Summary Report, 2015), and in the Slovak Republic from 8.7% to 31% (Národné centrum zdravotníckych informácii, 2016).

After a Cesarean section (CS), there is a risk of abnormal healing of the uterotomic wound, which can result in the development of certain pathological conditions in consecutive pregnancies (uterine rupture, ectopic pregnancy in the Cesarean scar, placental disorders) (Seow et al., 2004; Oyelese and Smulian, 2006; Fitzpatrick et al., 2012). In addition, a defect in the Cesarean scar is associated with chronic dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and postmenstrual spotting (Wang et al., 2009; Bij de Vaate et al., 2011).

Ultrasound is a valuable examination method in the diagnostic and therapeutic management of these pathological conditions.

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Ahmad Gharaibeh - Marek Lacko

Authors describe the clinical and paraclinical examination methods necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of orthopedic diseases in both children and adults.

The examination methods are categorized based on individual anatomical locations. A valuable chapter discusses joint aspirations, detailing their indications, techniques for performing them, and potential complications. The chapter showcasing patient documentation for students serves as a significant aid for practical exams before the state final examination in surgery.

This work appropriately complements the available educational literature required for international undergraduate students in general medicine, as well as for physicians in specialized training in orthopedics and related fields.

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Libuša Tirpáková a kol. 

Primary care is the first level of the health system where people come with their health problems and where the health promotion and preventive care treatments and needs of the majority of the population are implemented.

The university textbook, which is organized in nine chapters, offers an overview of general outpatient health care from a nursing perspective. It characterizes the nursing process in ambulatory health care and models of nursing care. It addresses the implementation of advanced practice nursing in ambulatory health care and the role of the nurse in prevention and health promotion.

The textbook is intended for nursing students in both undergraduate and postgraduate education, as well as those interested in other health professions.

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Darina Kluchová 

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Tatiana Kimáková a kol.

Etika ako veda o správnom realizovaní sa človeka v rôznych oblastiach života sa prenáša aj do environmentu. Pre pochopenie etických aspektov v tejto oblasti je veľmi dôležitá dôkladná znalosť jednotlivých zložiek životného prostredia ako aj ich vplyv nielen na človeka a celú živú prírodu vôbec. Preto otázky vplyvu životného prostredia sú čoraz viac v popredí záujmu aj z pohľadu etického v nadväznosti aj na existujúce právne normy. Moderný civilizačný proces je charakterizovaný prudkým rozvojom vedy a techniky. Avšak tento vývoj prináša na jednej strane zvyšovanie životnej úrovne, na druhej strane má svoje negatívne sprievodné javy. Výsledkom je narušenie ekologických, biologických a prírodných podmienok života, hlavne v oblastiach priemyselných centier. Rozvoj jednotlivých odvetví priemyslu má za následok produkciu kvapalných, plynných a tuhých odpadov, vznik škodlivých rizikových faktorov, ohrozujúcich jednotlivé zložky živej prírody, vrátane človeka. Môže dochádzať k zvýšenej bioakumulácii rizikových chemických prvkov v organizme, ktoré svojím pôsobením predstavujú potenciálne riziko aj z hľadiska karcinogenézy a mutagenézy. Významnou úlohou spoločnosti je z tohto dôvodu vytvárať podmienky na zabránenie úniku emisií a znižovať ich koncentráciu na čo najmenšiu, spoločensky a biologicky únosnú mieru. Hodnotenie biologických účinkov škodlivín sa opiera o experimentálne a epidemiologické štúdie. Poznatky o koncentrácii a dĺžke expozície sú rozhodujúce pre uplatnenie vzťahov dávka – účinok a pre stanovenie najvyšších prípustných koncentrácií znečisťujúcej látky. Zdravie populácie ako univerzálna hodnota a primárne ľudské právo predstavuje základný ekonomický zdroj nielen pre jedinca, ale aj pre celú spoločnosť. Súčasný stav životného prostredia významne ovplyvňuje genofond rastlín a živočíchov, prostredníctvom potravového reťazca aj zdravotný stav obyvateľstva. V posledných rokoch sa hromadia informácie varujúce pred katastrofálnymi účinkami bezohľadnej priemyselnej devastácie prírodného bohatstva, zásob úrodnej pôdy, znečisťovania ovzdušia a vodných zdrojov a zásahov do ekologickej rovnováhy flóry a fauny. Jedným z hlavných východísk riešenia vzťahu človeka a životného prostredia sa stáva plánovaná ochrana prírody a racionálne využívanie prírodných zdrojov. V neposlednom rade aj široký rozvoj nielen environmentálnej, ale aj etickej výchovy a vzdelávania.

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Peter Berek

With the development of endovascular surgery, there is a gradual advancement in ACI stenting. The minimally invasive approach has made this methodology suitable for patients with serious concomitant cardiac or pulmonary diseases. Another advantage compared to surgical treatment was better access to the ICA in patients after radiotherapy, after previous neck surgeries, as well as in patients with stenoses close to the skull base.

The comparison of CEA vs CAS is an interesting and debatable topic in many studies. However, despite the massive global development of endovascular treatment, carotid endarterectomy remains the gold standard for treating ICA stenosis in both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. In this monograph, we would like to accentuate and systematize the issue of surgical stroke prevention from the perspective of a vascular surgeon.

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