Textbook of Practical Physiology Part I

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Iveta Domoráková - Štefan Tóth - Zuzana Fagová - Eva Mechírová - Alexandra Kunová - Kristína Čurgali - Viera Eliášová - Monika Holodová - Marianna Danková

In our new electronic textbook, FUNDAMENTALS OF HISTOLOGY II – Textbook and Atlas of Microscopic Anatomy of Organs, we present students and the professional public with essential information about the microscopic structure of organs, accompanied by extensive visual documentation of organ structures and clear legends for the microphotographs.

All histological specimens come from the archive of the Institute of Histology and Embryology, are used in practical exercises, and are also included in teaching presentations. The electronic textbook is intended for undergraduate and postgraduate students of general medicine and dentistry at medical faculties, as well as for students of veterinary medicine and pharmacy, and biology students at faculties of natural sciences.

The textbook is designed so that students can find clear explanations of most medical terms and also reinforce their knowledge of professional terminology in Latin. An advantage of the electronic textbook is the ability to enlarge microscopic photographs, allowing detailed observation of structures without any qualitative loss of the viewed image. The microphotographs used in the atlas were taken with the following equipment: Zeiss Promicra and Olympus BX50 with a Canon EOS 2000D digital camera and QP Industrial 3.2 software.

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Mária Rašiová
The textbook entitled Selected Vascular Diseases is intended for medical students and physicians who specialize in internal medicine and angiology. Its goal is to present some lesser-known vascular diseases, or clinical conditions requiring rapid diagnosis. The text analyzes diseases occurring less frequently in clinical practice, such as aortitis, vascular malformations, peripheral arteriovenous malformations, pelvic venous diseases, and Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome. The textbook also addresses conditions that require rapid diagnosis, such as acute mesenteric ischemia and infectious aortitis. Within the scope of vasoneuroses, it describes Raynaud's phenomenon and childhood vascular diseases, such as hemangiomas. The text also touches on late complications associated with arteriovenous shunts in patients treated with hemodialysis.
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Štefan Tóth a kol.

After several years of teaching experience in the compulsory subject of histology and histological techniques, it became clear that there was a need to refine, standardize, and facilitate the study of bachelor's degree students. We therefore decided to develop university textbooks for the theory of general histology in bachelor's degree programs: Laboratory Examination Methods in Healthcare, Physiotherapy, and Nursing. The new textbooks are based on the syllabi for the subjects "Histology and Pathology" and "Fundamentals of Histology" for the given study programs. The content is designed to make the study of histology as easy as possible and to help students quickly orient themselves in the given topic. At the same time, the texts aim to streamline cooperation between students and teachers in lectures and practical exercises, emphasizing the important structures of individual cell and tissue types in light microscope images, which is the primary goal and task of general histology.

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I. R. Mavlyanov - A. K. Ashirmetov - Z. I. Mavlyanov - G. J. Jarilkasinova

Need of carrying out a pharmacological genotyping for providing the individualized pharmacotherapy is shown in the monograph based on the analysis of own and literary data of the central link of drug pharmacokinetics– systems of cytochrome P-450, taking into account its genetic polymorphysm.
The monograph is intended for the clinical pharmacologists, geneticists and experts dealing with this problem.

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Jana Mašlanková

Colorectal carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of the digestive system, and its rising incidence in Slovakia—particularly among the male population—is alarming. Although significant progress has been made in the diagnosis, screening, and treatment of patients with advanced colorectal cancer, therapeutic options remain limited, necessitating the discovery of additional markers to serve as prognostic predictors.

This monograph aims to draw the attention of the professional community to the critical role and significance of the TGF-β signaling pathway in the initiation, progression, and treatment of colorectal carcinoma. A substantial portion of the text focuses on lesser-known emerging trends and ongoing clinical trials for colorectal cancer patients.

The monograph aspires to provide a balanced resource that serves as an engaging informational tool not only for specialist physicians but also for medical faculty students. By integrating novel insights and clinical data, it seeks to bridge gaps in current understanding and highlight potential avenues for future research and therapy.

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Jozef Radoňak a kol.

Skriptá chirurgická propedeutika predstavujú učebné texty prinášajúce pohl'ad do histórie chirurgie cez všeobecne platné princípy chirurgie, moderné diagnostické a terapeutické metó­dy. Patričná pozornost' sa venuje základom chirurgickej onkológie, úrazovej chirurgie, anesteziológie a resuscitácie ako aj liečbe krvácania, infekcie, šoku či transplantáciám. Súčas­ťou textu sú aj kapitoly z vojnovej chirurgie.

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Eva Ďurovcová - Mária Mareková

Clinical Biochemistry - selected chapters - MEFANET >>> 

After 7 years, we finally reworked the textbook on the subject of clinical biochemistry at UPJŠ FM in Košice. We have innovated information in accordance with recommendations of professional medical societies and added new chapters. As the scope of the subject is limited, the textbook does not cover all issues of biochemical diagnostics. It focuses on disorders of water-ion and acid-base balance disorders, and basic laboratory diagnostics of diseases of selected organs.

The textbook of clinical biochemistry has the ambition to become a practical aid for senior medical students and beginning doctors in the study of laboratory medicine. It should make it easier for them to orientate themselves in routinely used clinical-biochemical examinations and could form a springboard for a more detailed studying of laboratory methods and their use in diagnostic and monitoring algorithms.
Like any medical discipline, clinical biochemistry is evolving rapidly and gradually integrating with other areas of laboratory medicine. New diagnostic methods penetrate deeper into the essence of the biochemical mechanisms of the human body, and "omic" methods are gaining ground. It is almost sure that in a few years, laboratory examination looks quite different from today. If this publication quite hypothetically reaches its next edition, many chapters will need to updated, and new chapters written following the up-to-date status.
Authors thanks to their colleagues and reviewers for their professional comments and constructive criticism of the text - prof. Jaroslav Racek, MD, DrSc. from FM UK in Pilsen.
Authors thanks very kindly too prof. MUDr. Dušan Dobrota, CSc. (JFM UK Martin) and doc. MVDr. Zuzana Kostecká, PhD. (UVMP, Košice), who read and wrote review of this textbook.

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Iveta Cimbolákováa kol.

The premise “today’s research shapes the healthcare of tomorrow” expresses the importance of medical research and the reason for its pursuit. Scientific research and advances in biomedical sciences, as well as their application in medical practice and in the process of delivering healthcare, nevertheless bring new problems in the area of ethics.

Biomedical research itself requires the precise definition of hypotheses, which are tested both under laboratory conditions and on experimental animals. Although clinical studies on human subjects are expected to benefit individual participants and to advance fundamental biomedical knowledge, they also entail certain risks depending on the nature of the research. These risks must be minimized, and the experiment should be conducted freely while also taking place within specific measures to protect all involved-not only the test subjects, but also the researchers themselves.

The presented publication provides an overview of the general conditions and ethical principles of research involving laboratory animals and human subjects, the issue of professional and ethical assessment of projects, as well as fraud and the publication of results. At present, we are witnessing tremendous progress in molecular biological sciences, which brings ethical dilemmas also in the field of genetics. For this reason, one of the chapters is devoted to the latest findings in this area.

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Eva Slabá-Helena Mičková-Jozef Židzik-Lucia Klimčáková-Janka Vašková

Teaching texts „Practical Lessons in Medical biology“ provide the theoretical foundations of microscopy, various microscopic techniques and preparation of microscopic slides in an understandable form. The chapters of the teaching texts contain model questions and tasks from cytology, molecular biology and genetics enabling students to acquire new knowledge from individual thematic areas and provide instructions for the implementation of tasks during laboratory lessons in medical biology. Teaching texts are primarily intended for the practical lessons in the subjects Biology 1 and Biology 2 for foreign students of the first year of General Medicine and the subjects Medical Biology and Genetics and Regenerative Medicine for foreign students of the first and second year of Dental Medicine at P. J. Šafárik University in Košice – Faculty of Medicine.

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Jozef Kafka 

Otázky človeka, jeho bytia, násilie znepokojujú ľudí od najdávnejších čias ľudskej spoločnosti a sú nemalými problémami aj v prítomnosti. V tejto pôvodnej práci, ktorej predchádzali viaceré štúdie autora (najpodrobnejšie Kafka, 2002), sa zameriavam na opísanie násilia vo všetkých základných formách, čo je jednou z jej osobitostí. Podávam operačný výmer násilia:

Násilie je vedomá ľudská činnosť využívajúca ako prostriedok násilného činu fyzickú alebo psychickú silu na ovplyvnenie druhého človeka (pri pôsobení na seba ide o zvláštny prípad násilia), ktorý potom koná pod vplyvom tohto pôsobenia nedobrovoľne, z donútenia.

Nazdávam sa, že násilie charakterizuje určitá situácia, v ktorej sa stretávajú najmenej dvaja ľudia: aktér násilia a obeť násilia, alebo sa stretajú dvaja aktéri a jeden z nich sa zvyčajne stane obeťou. To je však osobitný prípad, ktorým sa teraz nebudem zaoberať. Ak je násilie zamerané proti vlastnej osobe, je aktér násilia súčasne aj obeťou. Aktér, ktorého osobnosť a motívy bývajú rôzne, začína násilný čin využívajúc pritom viaceré prostriedky a pôsobí nimi na druhého človeka, ktorého núti vykonávať svoju vôľu, čím sa tento stáva obeťou. Celý akt má určité následky. Napadnutý sa môže brániť tak, že násilie zvládne alebo to môže skončiť tragicky, keď násiliu podľahne. Táto relatívne jednoduchá reakcia sa stáva zložitejšou pri skupinovej forme násilia a celkom neprehľadnou pri hromadnom násilí.

Opisujem tieto základné formy násilia:

• - násilie proti vlastnej osobe vrátane samovraždy,
• - násilie individuálne, spôsobené jedným aktérom násilia,
• - násilie skupinové, charakterizované malými skupinami,
• - násilie hromadné alebo kolektívne medzi veľkými skupinami, vrátane vojen a revolúcií,
• - násilie proti neživej a živej prírode.

Práca končí krátkou analýzou liečby násilného správania a dôsledkov násilia s možnosťami jej prevencie. Opieram sa aj o vlastné skúsenosti s prejavmi násilia v psychiatrických zariadeniach. Nazdávam sa, že je to práca veľmi aktuálna, informatívna, ale aj pôvodná, lebo podáva v koncentrovanej podobe celý rozsiahly fenomén násilia s jeho základnými charakteristikami. Podobnú prácu v našej literatúre nemáme.

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Daniela Husárová

There is still little complete information about the system of care for adolescents with emotional and behavioral problems, especially in Slovakia.

Therefore, the main aim of this publication is to summarize and present current findings of the Care4Youth project, not only about the system, but also about the role of particular actors involved in the care of these adolescents, including family, professionals and schools.

In the chapters, we take a closer look at the cooperation of all involved actors and, from the point of view of care providers from different types of institutions, we will describe all barriers that negatively affect adequate and effective help as well as suggestions how the identified barriers could be eliminated.

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Erik Dosedla

A uterine scar is currently a significant medical problem. Uterine scars most commonly occur after a Cesarean section, which is one of the most frequent laparotomic surgeries (Yazicioglu et al., 2006). The frequency of Cesarean sections increased between 1990 and 2014 in the USA from 21.2% to 32.2% (Hamilton et al., 2015), in Great Britain from 12% to 26.2% (NHS Maternity Statistics - England, 2013-14: Summary Report, 2015), and in the Slovak Republic from 8.7% to 31% (Národné centrum zdravotníckych informácii, 2016).

After a Cesarean section (CS), there is a risk of abnormal healing of the uterotomic wound, which can result in the development of certain pathological conditions in consecutive pregnancies (uterine rupture, ectopic pregnancy in the Cesarean scar, placental disorders) (Seow et al., 2004; Oyelese and Smulian, 2006; Fitzpatrick et al., 2012). In addition, a defect in the Cesarean scar is associated with chronic dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and postmenstrual spotting (Wang et al., 2009; Bij de Vaate et al., 2011).

Ultrasound is a valuable examination method in the diagnostic and therapeutic management of these pathological conditions.

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Mária Mareková a kol. 

Medical biochemistry is integral parts of basic theoretic knowledge of contemporary graduate at medical faculties. This textbook intends to help the undergraduate students of study branches General Medicine and Dental Medicine for the course of “Medical Biochemistry”. It is structured into 10 chapters concerning several topics: enzymology, cells membrane, metabolism, biochemistry of blood and organs, as well as some parts of clinical biochemistry.

The theoretical knowledge of this subject, which student obtains in the lectures, is verified in laboratory practices and is expanded in seminaries. Our selection of topics makes the text especially appropriate for medical students and managing of problems gives the students satisfactory ground for effective study of medical biochemistry and other related study subjects (e.g. clinical biochemistry, physiology, pathophysiology) in the sense of comprehension of relative continuity and interdependence of biochemical process or their function respectively.

Since the textbook brings only the skeleton survey on the biochemical problematic concerning medicine, students should broaden presented facts by additional study from lectures and/or from other sources. We expect this study literature to serve as a basic study material for mentioned medical study branches for preparation to written part of exam from “Medical Biochemistry”.

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Zuzana Dankulincová, Daniela Husárová

In the context of the deteriorating state of adolescent mental health, it is extremely important to optimize the existing mental health care system in Slovakia. There is still little comprehensive and coherent information about the functioning of the system and the process of providing assistance within professional care, its shortcomings or suggestions for improvement. This is not possible without a deep knowledge of the perspective and experiences of adolescents with mental problems themselves. The aim of this publication is therefore to present adolescents' views on the professional assistance provided as a result of experienced mental problems within the existing care system in Slovakia.

The findings from a qualitative study that focused on the views of young people themselves are presented. The chapters of the monograph capture their views on the perception of mental health problems in society, their experiences with identifying emerging problems and seeking professional help, and their experiences with the care process itself and its forms. They also capture their overall experience with both care and care providers, as well as with leaving care and its impacts in various areas. Finally, a view is presented of possible recommendations that could improve the mental health care provided from the adolescents' perspective.

This publication is intended primarily for all professionals working with adolescents with mental health problems in all branches of care, teachers and other educational staff who are in contact with them every day at school, and last but not least, all competent policy makers who care about the mental health of adolescents and have the power to improve the care provided to them.

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Adriana Boleková - Natália Hvizdošová (eds.)

Košický morfologický deň je každoročné májové stretnutie morfológov, ktorého sa zúčastňujú najmä košické morfologické pracoviská. Pri tejto príležitosti sa pravidelne vydáva zborník vedeckých prác. Tohoročný zborník je vydaný pri príležitosti 27. košického morfologického dňa. V zborníku autori prezentujú výsledky svojej vedecko-výskumnej a pedagogickej činnosti, ktoré majú charakter teoretických prehľadových štúdií a výskumných prác.

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Peter Berek

University scripts “Visceral pathology of vascular origin“analyze one of the most challenging vascular regions, the aorta and the visceral aortic branches, from the surgical perspective. The diagnostic and the treatment aneurysms of the abdominal aorta are dedicated to the first chapter. Early diagnostic and operative treatment is crucial in the treatment of ruptured aneurysms of the abdominal aorta. Shortening of the interval between the patient’s arrival with ruptured aneurysm of the abdominal aorta into the hospital and the beginning of the operation decreased the perioperative mortality. This shortening, together with the use of the cell savers, led to the dropping of perioperative mortality from 50% to 20%. The diagnostics and surgical treatment of the acute and chronic occlusion of the aorta and iliac arteries are analyzed in the second chapter. In this chapter, the focus is given to the aortobifemoral bypass as “the gold standard“ of the surgical therapy of aortoiliac atherosclerosis. The management of acute mesenteric ischemia is the content of the third chapter. Acute mesenteric ischemia is a severe condition with high mortality. The problem of acute mesenterial ischemia is a delayed diagnostic that is the reason for poor therapeutical outcomes of the disease. The possible imagine studies and operations used in treating acute mesenteric ischemia are brought in this chapter. Chronic mesenteric ischemia leads to cachexia. The diagnosis of chronic mesenterial ischemia is one of the most demanding, and surgical therapy used in the treatment of chronic mesenterial ischemia also belongs to the most challenging operations. Left-sided colon ischemia belongs to the severe complications of the aortoiliac reconstructions. Left-sided colon ischemia has a high mortality. In the prevention of the left-sided colon, ischemia is preserving at least one internal iliac artery. The complex diagnostics treatment of intraabdominal compressive syndromes as Dunbar syndróme, „Nutcracker“ syndróme a Wilkie syndróme, analyzed in the last chapter.

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