Etické aspekty komunikácie v medicíne

Vladimíra Tomečková

Nature, as well as the human body, contains an abundant quantity of organic molecules. This textbook describes selected oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen derivatives of hydrocarbons, heterocyclic compounds of their reactions, which are important in the human body or are found in pharmaceutical active substances, poisons, foodstuffs and heat-treated food. The last part of the textbook describes the isomerism of organic compounds, which enables dynamic changes in the structure of molecules that have different properties. Nature is filled with different plants and animals and is the first laboratory to produce bioactive organic natural compounds. These compounds are compatible with human cells and are applicable as therapeutic medicine. There is an effort to reproduce natural molecules in chemical laboratories, but they cannot be as perfect as the natural ones. Synthetic molecules can serve as a model for multiple studies, but there still does not exist a magic panacea pill or a perfect copy of nature, for the treatment of various diseases. Knowledge about the regenerative and toxic effect of medicinal substances in dependence on their structure (type and number of substituents) is very important for the understanding of their role in modulation of health and disease in dependence on their concentration. Compounds can be used daily only in recommended doses (higher doses can be toxic), but still will not replace a healthy diet. People need a varied diet to be healthy, in which are all necessary nutrients, what Hippocrates demonstrated long ago “Let food be the medicine, and let medicine be the food.” This book is written for students who select bioorganic chemistry subject during the study of general medicine or dentistry as well as for motivated students who would like to practice their knowledge and wish to improve in this subject and for students who would like to learn simplified basic organic reactions with their future application in biochemistry. Learn the simple models mainly through creative simple instruction by using different colours, by repetition, practice by drawing of formulas by hand (at least three times) and memorization of common names of compounds and their reactions which have application in biochemistry. Thus, establishing simple educational methods how to distinguish organic molecules according to the colours of a functional group can promote universal learning for all students who thought that chemistry is a difficult subject, but hopefully they change their opinion after study of this book.

Keywords: organic molecules, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen derivatives of hydrocarbons, heterocyclic compounds, chemical reactions, isomerism of organic compounds

E-book

Silvia Danková - Lucia Dimunová - Beáta Grešš Halász - Jana Sušinková

The present multimedia university textbook is intended for students of the bachelor's degree programme in nursing, not excluding both medical and nursing degree courses.

The purpose of the present publication is to provide a comprehensive view of the nature of surgical nursing, focusing on the method of providing nursing care - the nursing process. It comprehensively describes the individual steps of perioperative nursing care and the subsequent possible complications associated with surgical procedures. Documents the depth of knowledge and skills training in chronic wound care management issues. Respects the culture of patient and healthcare professional safety.

The college textbook uses e-learning methods in combination with traditional face-to-face education. Based on the latest resources, it respects the concept of health care delivery and professional training of nurses.

Download e-book for free (pdf)

E-book

Daniela Husárová

There is still little complete information about the system of care for adolescents with emotional and behavioral problems, especially in Slovakia.

Therefore, the main aim of this publication is to summarize and present current findings of the Care4Youth project, not only about the system, but also about the role of particular actors involved in the care of these adolescents, including family, professionals and schools.

In the chapters, we take a closer look at the cooperation of all involved actors and, from the point of view of care providers from different types of institutions, we will describe all barriers that negatively affect adequate and effective help as well as suggestions how the identified barriers could be eliminated.

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Miroslav Gajdoš - Vladimír Kaťuch

  „Neurochirurgia pre študentov medicíny“ je určená pre študentov lekárskych fakúlt. Základné informácie o neurochirurgii získajú aj študenti príbuzných odborov /zubné lekárstvo/, ale aj absolventi lekárskych fakúlt v začiatkoch svojej klinickej praxe.

Učebný text je rozdelený do desiatich kapitol. Tie sa ďalej delia na podkapitoly.

Prvá kapitola je zameraná na dejiny chirurgie, následne na dejiny neurochirurgie. V tejto kapitole autor pripomína, že operované lebky patria k najstarším dôkazom operačnej činnosti našich predkov. 

Druhá a tretia kapitola  je venovaná diagnostike a základným operačným výkonom.

Pre pochopenie patologicko-fyziologických dejov je potrebné pozorne preštudovať štvrtú kapitolu, v ktorej autor popisuje základné patologické mechanizmy, ktoré pôsobia na povrchu ale aj v hĺbke mozgových tkanív.

Piata kapitola je venovaná závažnej problematike  -  vrodeným chybám mozgu, miechy a ich podporných štruktúr.

Nie menej závažnou problematikou pre neurochirurgov sú nádory CNS,  periférnych nervov, lebky a chrbtice. Tie sú popísané v šiestej kapitole.                 

V siedmej kapitole sú popísané cievne ochorenia CNS: autor popisuje aneuryzmy mozgových ciev, ich diagnostiku a liečbu, ďalej cievne malformácie mozgu, artériovenózne malformácie mozgu a v neposlednom rade spinálne artériovenózne malformácie.

8. kapitola je čo do obsahu najrozsiahlejšia. Prináša informácie o poranení pacientov pri úraze. O ich závažnosti, diagnostike a možnej liečbe – konzervatívnej a chirurgickej.

9. kapitola je venovaná nie menej závažnej problematike, a to degeneratívnym ochoreniam chrbtice.

V 10. kapitole sa autor venuje najnovším metódam liečby chronickej bolesti a epileptochirurgii.

E-book

Tatiana Kimáková - Vladimír Pavlík

The scientific monograph focuses on the characteristics of free radicals, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, oxidative stress, and its impact on various diseases. A significant portion is dedicated to antioxidants, their classification based on multiple criteria, the characteristics of selected antioxidants in terms of their functions, manifestations of their deficiency and excess, and the overall antioxidant capacity of the body.

A special section is devoted to enzyme-based antioxidants, natural sources of antioxidants in the form of vitamins, trace elements, flavonoids, polyphenols, and coenzyme Q10. To provide a clearer understanding of antioxidants and their influence on population health, the monograph presents results from a research project included in the program "Research Support for Enhancing the Defense Capabilities of the Czech Republic in NATO Structures."

The research was conducted between 2010 and 2012 as part of preventive rehabilitation programs for professional soldiers with a sports component. The study involved 218 professional soldiers, including 180 men and 38 women, with an average age of 33.3 years. The current health status and dietary habits of the soldiers were assessed using questionnaires.

The study described the saturation of the observed group with antioxidant vitamins and statistically evaluated the relationship between their levels and the risk indicators for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Individual analyses were performed using the Reflotron device calibrated with Reflotron Precinorm control serum. Following blood collection, all participants underwent anthropometric examinations (body weight, height, waist circumference), blood pressure measurements, heart rate monitoring, and physical fitness assessments through simple functional tests.

This scientific monograph is suitable for the scientific community, students of medical, veterinary, and natural sciences, as well as public health students at all levels of university education. It is also intended for informed members of the public.

Authors

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E-book

A.A. Ahmetova - A.A. Seidakhmetova - N.D. Kalmenov et al.

Improving the best practices in the provision of the first pre-medical care is one of the priority areas of clinical medicine in most countries of the world. Despite the success in improving the provision of medical care at the level of FPMA and emergency medical care, it is the provision of skilled care at the earliest stages of the disease or emergency conditions that determines the quality of all medical care and the future of the patient.

When rendering emergency care to the sick and injured, the time factor is very important, it prevents irreversible disturbances in the body and creates a good help for the complete cure of the patient. Textbook is designed to improve awareness of the importance of pre-medical aid to non-medical students in central Asian countries.

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E-book

Erik Dosedla

A uterine scar is currently a significant medical problem. Uterine scars most commonly occur after a Cesarean section, which is one of the most frequent laparotomic surgeries (Yazicioglu et al., 2006). The frequency of Cesarean sections increased between 1990 and 2014 in the USA from 21.2% to 32.2% (Hamilton et al., 2015), in Great Britain from 12% to 26.2% (NHS Maternity Statistics - England, 2013-14: Summary Report, 2015), and in the Slovak Republic from 8.7% to 31% (Národné centrum zdravotníckych informácii, 2016).

After a Cesarean section (CS), there is a risk of abnormal healing of the uterotomic wound, which can result in the development of certain pathological conditions in consecutive pregnancies (uterine rupture, ectopic pregnancy in the Cesarean scar, placental disorders) (Seow et al., 2004; Oyelese and Smulian, 2006; Fitzpatrick et al., 2012). In addition, a defect in the Cesarean scar is associated with chronic dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and postmenstrual spotting (Wang et al., 2009; Bij de Vaate et al., 2011).

Ultrasound is a valuable examination method in the diagnostic and therapeutic management of these pathological conditions.

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E-book

Libuša Tirpáková a kol. 

Primary care is the first level of the health system where people come with their health problems and where the health promotion and preventive care treatments and needs of the majority of the population are implemented.

The university textbook, which is organized in nine chapters, offers an overview of general outpatient health care from a nursing perspective. It characterizes the nursing process in ambulatory health care and models of nursing care. It addresses the implementation of advanced practice nursing in ambulatory health care and the role of the nurse in prevention and health promotion.

The textbook is intended for nursing students in both undergraduate and postgraduate education, as well as those interested in other health professions.

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Martina Zavacká a kolektív

Kniha „DIABETICKÁ NOHA Z POHĽADU CIEVNEHO CHIRURGA“ obsahuje 14 kapitol. Pojednáva o syndróme diabetickej nohy z multidisciplinárneho pohľadu viacerých odborníkov: angiochirurga, diabetológa, chirurga, podiatra, röntgenológa, neurológa a algeziológa. Úvodné kapitoly majú charakter propedeutiky, čo má taktiež význam aj pre pregraduálnu výchovu. Nasledujúce kapitoly sa zaoberajú vznikom syndrómu, výskytom, jeho diagnostikou, terapeutickými postupmi, pridruženými postihnutiami neurologického charakteru, starostlivosťou podiatra a algeziológa pri pretrvávaní bolestí. Ďalšie časti sú vyhradené chirurgickej a endovaskulárnej liečbe tepien cestou cievneho chirurga a intervenčných angiológov. Nezabúdajúc na problematiku amputácií a správnu rehabilitáciu pacientov s diabetom.  V knihe nájdu poučenie cievni chirurgovia, angiológovia, všeobecní chirurgovia, diabetológovia, neurológia, röntgenológovia, podiatri  a všeobecní lekári.

Kniha je zdrojom najnovších teoretických i praktických informácií pre postgraduálnu výchovu vyššie spomenutých odborníkov.

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Jozef Radoňak a kol.

Skriptá chirurgická propedeutika predstavujú učebné texty prinášajúce pohl'ad do histórie chirurgie cez všeobecne platné princípy chirurgie, moderné diagnostické a terapeutické metó­dy. Patričná pozornost' sa venuje základom chirurgickej onkológie, úrazovej chirurgie, anesteziológie a resuscitácie ako aj liečbe krvácania, infekcie, šoku či transplantáciám. Súčas­ťou textu sú aj kapitoly z vojnovej chirurgie.

E-book

Nikita Bobrova kol.

The concept of medical ethics is interpreted as both applied and professional ethics. As a bioethical discipline, it consists of three normative parts: biogenesis, biotherapy, and thanatology. From an ethical perspective, medicine is part of clinical bioethics; however, at the current stage, “evidence-based ethics” is still lacking.

In the context of standardizing health care, there is an excessive development of certain components of bioethics (such as ethical codes and the concept of patient autonomy), but also a reduction, especially of its clinical component (such as communication, thanatology, euthanasia, dysthanasia, and futile treatment). Current legislative efforts are leading to a reduction in the rights of health care workers, particularly in terms of corporate autonomy.

The fundamental task of medical ethics is the cultivation of medical professionalism, which is defined as the professional alignment of expert, ethical, and legal reasoning, and as a starting point for thinking in terms of values, with reflection on the bioethical space in clinical and professional practice.

Since society declares health as its priority, this priority should positively influence the entire health care system, and its basic idea should be a health care system based on a humanistic ethical paradigm with social and professional application.

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Michal Legiňa kol.

Progress in biology and medicine has always been significantly related to advances in physics. Not only has physics supplied instruments and methods of measurement that have led to many discoveries in physiology and medicine, but methods of physical research have changed many of the older approaches to the biologic sciences. Such circumstances have even led to development of a new scientific field: biophysics, which uses to a great extent physical instrumentation procedures applied to an experimental system. Because any instrument is an additional factor in any experimental system, it may affect the data. To interpret physical data on biological material correctly then, it is necessary to consider the characteristics of instrument response.

A practical course enables a student to acquire some skills, experience and methodological knowledge for performance of experiments and evaluation of measured data. Due to the fast development of instrumentation technology, it is not possible to teach every operation and procedure upon instruments we may use in a future. Besides the basic physical principles, the aim of a practical course is to point out some general rules and skills for instrument operation and for the interpretation of the measured values derived from such operation.

There are two kinds of lessons in practical courses. The first one focuses on laboratory measurements of some important physical quantities and the evaluation of the measured data. These measured quantities are components of the subject “medical biophysics” or of the phenomena studied. Experience provided in managing various scales and tables, as well as in the construction of tables and graphs is substantial. Lessons also enable students to repeat and to strengthen their knowledge of secondary school physics, which is useful for understanding of many phenomena studied in medical biophysics. The second kind of lesson provides experience with some of the diagnostic and therapeutic medical instruments, which can be seen in practical medicine.

The understanding of basic physical principles of corresponding instruments is both recommended and demanded. Theoretical preparation is not only an appropriate condition for the practical managing of the whole lesson, but also helps to avoid injury. This textbook, therefore, intends to help students in preparing for both the practical lessons and the final exam.

Authors

Lucia Dimunová - Jana Raková - Gabriela Štefková

E-book

Tatiana Kimáková

The scientific monograph focuses on health determinants, healthy nutrition, its fundamental components, the consequences of unhealthy nutrition, and alternative dietary trends. The work also includes research targeting selected lifestyle factors among university students, particularly nutrition, eating habits, and physical activity.

This scientific monograph is suitable for the scientific community, students of medical and natural sciences, and public health professionals at all three levels of higher education. It is equally valuable for members of the informed general public interested in the subject.

Download the e-book for free (pdf)

E-book

Ivana Hockicková-Ondrej Zahornacký

The textbook „Selected chapters in Infectology“ is a comprehensive study material about selected infectious diseases for students of medicine as well as other healthcare professions. It is primarily intended for students of general and dental medicine. It is the first textbook of its kind, aiming to provide students with comprehensive information about different types of infectious diseases, including their causes, typical symptoms, diagnostics, treatment and prevention. It is divided into a total of 18 chapters. The textbook is written in accordance with the latest knowledge about infectious diseases and serves as the foundation for success in the Infectology subject.

Download e-book for free (pdf)

Vladimíra Tomečková

Nature, as well as the human body, contains an abundant quantity of organic molecules. This textbook describes selected oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen derivatives of hydrocarbons, heterocyclic compounds of their reactions, which are important in the human body or are found in pharmaceutical active substances, poisons, foodstuffs and heat-treated food. The last part of the textbook describes the isomerism of organic compounds, which enables dynamic changes in the structure of molecules that have different properties. Nature is filled with different plants and animals and is the first laboratory to produce bioactive organic natural compounds. These compounds are compatible with human cells and are applicable as therapeutic medicine. There is an effort to reproduce natural molecules in chemical laboratories, but they cannot be as perfect as the natural ones. Synthetic molecules can serve as a model for multiple studies, but there still does not exist a magic panacea pill or a perfect copy of nature, for the treatment of various diseases. Knowledge about the regenerative and toxic effect of medicinal substances in dependence on their structure (type and number of substituents) is very important for the understanding of their role in modulation of health and disease in dependence on their concentration. Compounds can be used daily only in recommended doses (higher doses can be toxic), but still will not replace a healthy diet. People need a varied diet to be healthy, in which are all necessary nutrients, what Hippocrates demonstrated long ago “Let food be the medicine, and let medicine be the food.” This book is written for students who select bioorganic chemistry subject during the study of general medicine or dentistry as well as for motivated students who would like to practice their knowledge and wish to improve in this subject and for students who would like to learn simplified basic organic reactions with their future application in biochemistry. Learn the simple models mainly through creative simple instruction by using different colours, by repetition, practice by drawing of formulas by hand (at least three times) and memorization of common names of compounds and their reactions which have application in biochemistry. Thus, establishing simple educational methods how to distinguish organic molecules according to the colours of a functional group can promote universal learning for all students who thought that chemistry is a difficult subject, but hopefully they change their opinion after study of this book.

Keywords: organic molecules, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen derivatives of hydrocarbons, heterocyclic compounds, chemical reactions, isomerism of organic compounds

E-book

Silvia Danková - Lucia Dimunová - Beáta Grešš Halász - Jana Sušinková

The present multimedia university textbook is intended for students of the bachelor's degree programme in nursing, not excluding both medical and nursing degree courses.

The purpose of the present publication is to provide a comprehensive view of the nature of surgical nursing, focusing on the method of providing nursing care - the nursing process. It comprehensively describes the individual steps of perioperative nursing care and the subsequent possible complications associated with surgical procedures. Documents the depth of knowledge and skills training in chronic wound care management issues. Respects the culture of patient and healthcare professional safety.

The college textbook uses e-learning methods in combination with traditional face-to-face education. Based on the latest resources, it respects the concept of health care delivery and professional training of nurses.

Download e-book for free (pdf)

E-book

Daniela Husárová

There is still little complete information about the system of care for adolescents with emotional and behavioral problems, especially in Slovakia.

Therefore, the main aim of this publication is to summarize and present current findings of the Care4Youth project, not only about the system, but also about the role of particular actors involved in the care of these adolescents, including family, professionals and schools.

In the chapters, we take a closer look at the cooperation of all involved actors and, from the point of view of care providers from different types of institutions, we will describe all barriers that negatively affect adequate and effective help as well as suggestions how the identified barriers could be eliminated.

Download e-book for free (pdf)

Miroslav Gajdoš - Vladimír Kaťuch

  „Neurochirurgia pre študentov medicíny“ je určená pre študentov lekárskych fakúlt. Základné informácie o neurochirurgii získajú aj študenti príbuzných odborov /zubné lekárstvo/, ale aj absolventi lekárskych fakúlt v začiatkoch svojej klinickej praxe.

Učebný text je rozdelený do desiatich kapitol. Tie sa ďalej delia na podkapitoly.

Prvá kapitola je zameraná na dejiny chirurgie, následne na dejiny neurochirurgie. V tejto kapitole autor pripomína, že operované lebky patria k najstarším dôkazom operačnej činnosti našich predkov. 

Druhá a tretia kapitola  je venovaná diagnostike a základným operačným výkonom.

Pre pochopenie patologicko-fyziologických dejov je potrebné pozorne preštudovať štvrtú kapitolu, v ktorej autor popisuje základné patologické mechanizmy, ktoré pôsobia na povrchu ale aj v hĺbke mozgových tkanív.

Piata kapitola je venovaná závažnej problematike  -  vrodeným chybám mozgu, miechy a ich podporných štruktúr.

Nie menej závažnou problematikou pre neurochirurgov sú nádory CNS,  periférnych nervov, lebky a chrbtice. Tie sú popísané v šiestej kapitole.                 

V siedmej kapitole sú popísané cievne ochorenia CNS: autor popisuje aneuryzmy mozgových ciev, ich diagnostiku a liečbu, ďalej cievne malformácie mozgu, artériovenózne malformácie mozgu a v neposlednom rade spinálne artériovenózne malformácie.

8. kapitola je čo do obsahu najrozsiahlejšia. Prináša informácie o poranení pacientov pri úraze. O ich závažnosti, diagnostike a možnej liečbe – konzervatívnej a chirurgickej.

9. kapitola je venovaná nie menej závažnej problematike, a to degeneratívnym ochoreniam chrbtice.

V 10. kapitole sa autor venuje najnovším metódam liečby chronickej bolesti a epileptochirurgii.

E-book

Tatiana Kimáková - Vladimír Pavlík

The scientific monograph focuses on the characteristics of free radicals, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, oxidative stress, and its impact on various diseases. A significant portion is dedicated to antioxidants, their classification based on multiple criteria, the characteristics of selected antioxidants in terms of their functions, manifestations of their deficiency and excess, and the overall antioxidant capacity of the body.

A special section is devoted to enzyme-based antioxidants, natural sources of antioxidants in the form of vitamins, trace elements, flavonoids, polyphenols, and coenzyme Q10. To provide a clearer understanding of antioxidants and their influence on population health, the monograph presents results from a research project included in the program "Research Support for Enhancing the Defense Capabilities of the Czech Republic in NATO Structures."

The research was conducted between 2010 and 2012 as part of preventive rehabilitation programs for professional soldiers with a sports component. The study involved 218 professional soldiers, including 180 men and 38 women, with an average age of 33.3 years. The current health status and dietary habits of the soldiers were assessed using questionnaires.

The study described the saturation of the observed group with antioxidant vitamins and statistically evaluated the relationship between their levels and the risk indicators for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Individual analyses were performed using the Reflotron device calibrated with Reflotron Precinorm control serum. Following blood collection, all participants underwent anthropometric examinations (body weight, height, waist circumference), blood pressure measurements, heart rate monitoring, and physical fitness assessments through simple functional tests.

This scientific monograph is suitable for the scientific community, students of medical, veterinary, and natural sciences, as well as public health students at all levels of university education. It is also intended for informed members of the public.

Authors

Download the e-book for free (pdf)