Dějiny psychologie

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Mária Bačíková - Anna Janovská - Oľga Orosová

The textbook is primarily intended for students of teaching academic subjects, but it will enrich anyone who needs to familiarize themselves with research methodology focusing on psychological and educational sciences. In the textbook, students become acquainted with the basic principles of conducting research, the process of research implementation, and the basic methods of quantitative or qualitative approaches.

The examples used in the textbook are mostly focused on research conducted in a school environment. By acquiring the basic knowledge presented in the textbook, the reader will be able to conduct simple research in school conditions. At the same time, understanding the principles of research methodology helps with the critical evaluation of information from various sources.

The second, expanded edition has been extended by three chapters, focusing on conducting research directly during the teaching process in the form of teacher action research, on the possibilities of evaluating preventive programs, and the final chapter deals with the possibilities of publishing research.

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Ján Kahan - Eva Žiaková

The monograph focuses on the issue of loneliness among substance-addicted people in the context of abstinence prospects and re/lapse prevention. In the monograph these phenomena, several theories were integrated and applied in the context of the ecosystem meta-framework of social work and practical contexts. The ecosystem meta-theory serves as a meta-construct with the ability to encompass the complexity of social phenomena as well as that of human beings within the structure of their living and social environment, formal and informal networks, and close intimate relationships.

In this monograph are presented research sample consisted of 235 respondents – hospitalised addicts undergoing urgent treatment, abstaining A-club members as well as members of psychotherapy and self-help groups. The research showed that abstainers were statistically less lonely than the hospitalised respondents. Quantitative data of research are complemented by qualitative data collected in four case studies; two of them focused on two long-term abstainers from alcohol and drugs, while the other two case studies dealt with two respondents in post-hoc treatment undergoing the resocialization process. The research also showed that respondents who broke abstinence felt lonelier than their successfully abstaining counterparts.

The results were supported also by the fact that a statistically significant inversely proportional relationship was identified between the duration of abstinence and loneliness rate. Gender differences were found between the hospitalised addicts in all loneliness dimensions. Naturally, the combined research was limited in certain aspects, mainly in terms of the size and proportional distribution of the research sample and its subgroups, test battery extent, and general nature of the population studied. Triangulation among quantitative and qualitative with the theoretical starting points confirmed the existence of a relationship among loneliness, addiction, and prospect of abstinence.

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Tatiana Kimáková - Štefan Tóth - Ivan Uher

The scientific monograph is devoted to active and healthy aging, its basic indicators, involutional changes, or the relationship between healthy aging and lifestyle. Adopting a healthy lifestyle and actively participating in health care for yourself are important elements in all stages of our lives, and therefore in healthy aging. We describe the possibilities of older people to slow down the adverse changes associated with aging through education and educational activities of various types.

The scientific monograph also includes our own research focused on overall health and selected lifestyle risk factors, especially consumption of various food groups, smoking, alcohol, physical activity and stress of participants at the University of the Third Age at Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Slovak and foreign university students at the Medical Faculty of the Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice. The scientific monograph is appropriate for the scientific community, students of medical and natural sciences, public health for all three degrees of university study.

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Lenka Hudáková-Lukáš Sekelský-Katarína Jandová

Buddy systém sa zameriava na pomoc študentom a študentkám pri adaptácii na vysokoškolské prostredie a na zlepšenie ich duševnej pohody v osobnom kontakte, ale aj online. V dnešnej dobe, keď sa mladí ľudia stretávajú s rôznymi výzvami a tlakmi (rovnováha školského, pracovného a osobného života, akademický tlak, technologické a informačné výzvy, sociálne tlaky...), je nevyhnutné poskytnúť im v univerzitnom prostredí efektívnu a ľahko dostupnú pomoc. Buddy systém však nie je len o poskytovaní akademickej pomoci, ale aj o vytváraní vzťahov, podpore a priateľstve.

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Eva Žiaková

Proceedings from the Scientific Conference with International Participation held on November 27, 2015 in Košice

Stress is becoming a part of everyday life in developed societies, which negatively affects both the physical and mental state of individuals. The proceedings from the scientific conference with international participation, titled "Forms of Internal and External Factors in Coping with Stress from the Perspective of Theory and Practice in Social Work," are therefore dedicated to the issue of coping with stress from an interdisciplinary perspective.

It addresses the full spectrum of coping issues, ranging from the most internal, specifically defined factors of the C-system of coping in oncology patients, coping with burnout in helping professions, sociological contexts of oncological diseases, through the level of social support that provides individuals with space for managing stress, to the possibilities of coping with stressful situations in various areas of life.

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Beata Gajdošová

It is impossible to be in contact with a person-centered approach and not be influenced by it. Carl Random Rogers was and is still perceived as one of the most influential psychologists of the 20th century (Cook, et al., 2009).

He was the first psychologist to be awarded twice by the American Psychological Association during his lifetime; in 1957 for his contributions to psychotherapy research and in 1973 for distinguished professional contributions. He developed his own psychotherapeutic approach, client-centered therapy, where unlike existing psychotherapeutic approaches, the healing power lies in the relationship between the client and the therapist, not in the applied method.

Rogers and his colleagues were the first to record, transcribe, and publish complete cases of therapeutic conversations and initiated systematic research in the field of psychotherapy. By using the term client instead of patient and seeking sources of change within the person, he created a non-medical model of help as part of the helping professions (Capuzzi, Gross, 2001). The self-theory created by Rogers is a theory that is included in many contemporary psychology texts (Cloninger, 2003; Feist, Feist, 2001; Ryckman, 2004).

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Zuzana Dankulincová, Daniela Husárová

In the context of the deteriorating state of adolescent mental health, it is extremely important to optimize the existing mental health care system in Slovakia. There is still little comprehensive and coherent information about the functioning of the system and the process of providing assistance within professional care, its shortcomings or suggestions for improvement. This is not possible without a deep knowledge of the perspective and experiences of adolescents with mental problems themselves. The aim of this publication is therefore to present adolescents' views on the professional assistance provided as a result of experienced mental problems within the existing care system in Slovakia.

The findings from a qualitative study that focused on the views of young people themselves are presented. The chapters of the monograph capture their views on the perception of mental health problems in society, their experiences with identifying emerging problems and seeking professional help, and their experiences with the care process itself and its forms. They also capture their overall experience with both care and care providers, as well as with leaving care and its impacts in various areas. Finally, a view is presented of possible recommendations that could improve the mental health care provided from the adolescents' perspective.

This publication is intended primarily for all professionals working with adolescents with mental health problems in all branches of care, teachers and other educational staff who are in contact with them every day at school, and last but not least, all competent policy makers who care about the mental health of adolescents and have the power to improve the care provided to them.

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Stanislav Hvozdík 

Obdobie staršej dospelosti je aj pre psychológiu príležitosť urobiť syntézu svojej prírodovednej tradície a filozofickej tradície. Psychológia sa takto môže lepšie napojiť na mentálnu prácu ľudí žijúcich toto vekové obdobie staršej dospelosti usilujúcich v rozličnej miere o  komplexicitu vo svojom živote. Psychológia môže pomôcť tomuto úsiliu, pretože celistvosť človeka je aj programom jej rozvoja. Publikácia rozpoznáva seniora  nie len ako objekt, ale aj ako subjekt usilujúci o svoju podmetovosť na jeho celoživotnej ceste. Priatie veku hľadá svoje optimálne vyjadrenie a je možné najmä v súvsťažností psychologického a spirituálneho vývinu človeka. Psychológia staršieho človeka objavuje starobu nie ako totalitu vyraďujúcu človeka  z cyklu života, ale ako obdobie výberu pre život dôležitých domén spojených s preladením do vnútra, ktoré doceňuje pokoj. V tejto optike sa selektujú veci a javy tak aby nerušili, ale harmonizovali. To nie je odmietnutie vonkajšieho, ale rozlíšenie kedy dáva zmysel. Staroba preveruje aj spoločnosť , verejnosť, ktorá by mala odrážať úroveň procesov starostlivosti o duševno. Aby svet urobilo užitočným pre človeka, ale je aj dôvodom ako to vyjadril Patočka samotnej starostlivosti o toto duševno. Pozícia starého človeka v spoločnosti je obrazom toho akú váhu spoločnosť prikladá duševnému životu ľudí. Publikácia prináša poznatky psychologickej povahy o tomto vekovom období a v špeciálnej časti informácie okolo pomáhania a poradenstva. 

Autor

Michal Čerešník 

Publikácia Psychológia osobnosti je sprievodca, ktorý vás prevedie labyrintom najvýznamnejších poznatkov o ľudskej osobnosti od vzniku modernej psychológie až po súčasnosť.

Nejde len o ďalšiu učebnicu, ale o výzvu k zamysleniu sa nad základnými otázkami nášho bytia. Čo je osobnosť? Prečo sa naše Ja vynorilo z temnoty? Ako to, že si uvedomujeme samých seba?

Spoznáte najdôležitejšie teórie osobnosti a ich historický kontext. Pochopíte, prečo neexistuje jednotná teória osobnosti a aké sú limity nášho súčasného poznania. Preskúmate osobnosť z rôznych perspektív. Naučíte sa, ako si vybrať teóriu, ktorú potrebujete pre porozumenie ľuďom a ktorá najlepšie rezonuje s vaším chápaním sveta.

Publikácia vás pozýva na cestu, počas ktorej objavíte, že v psychológii osobnosti existuje na jednu otázku viacero odpovedí, pochopíte, prečo je ťažké vytvoriť superteóriu osobnosti, získate nástroje na kritické myslenie o rôznych teóriách osobnosti, naučíte sa, ako aplikovať tieto poznatky vo vašom osobnom a profesionálnom živote.

Či už ste študent alebo študentka psychológie, odborník alebo odborníčka v oblasti duševného zdravia alebo zvedavý človek, táto kniha vám poskytne solídny základ pre pochopenie komplexnosti ľudskej osobnosti.

Ponorte sa do sveta, kde neexistujú jednoduché odpovede, kde každá teória prináša nový pohľad na to, kto sme a prečo konáme tak, ako konáme. Psychológia osobnosti je pozvánkou k celoživotnému skúmaniu.

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Pavol Kačmár - Margita Mesárošová - Ladislav Lovaš (eds.)

This publication introduces a selected body of papers presented at scientific conference School psychology: History and perspectives that took place on October 17 and 18 in Košice.

The conference commemorated two important jubilees. The first was the birth anniversary of prof. Ján Hvozdík (100 years), the second jubilee was related to the opening of the study of psychology at the University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik (50 years).

The contributions have undergone peer review.

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Jozef Bavoľár

Decision-making is an everyday activity for us, whether it involves decisions about routine matters such as what to have for breakfast or more significant choices like selecting a career after finishing school. Due to the far-reaching consequences that a single decision can have on our entire lives, this area has received considerable attention in psychology. After all, the classic goals of psychology—describing, explaining, and predicting human behavior—are essentially attempts to understand decision-making and identify and describe the factors influencing it. Fundamental psychological disciplines such as the psychology of emotions and motivation, cognitive psychology, social psychology, and personality psychology all strive to achieve this understanding.

The presented text primarily adopts a cognitive approach, focusing on the processes of information processing and utilization. Since there are very few events in the future we can be completely certain about, key concepts include terms expressing uncertainty about the future, such as uncertainty, risk, objective probability, and subjective probability.

The central question thus lies in processing information from the environment and utilizing it in the decision-making process.

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Marek Preiss - Daniela Vizinová

Kniha je určena odborníkům i studentům, kteří se zajímají o způsoby a podoby přenosu životních zkušeností, zvláště těch traumatických, do dalších generací. Psychologické prostředky přenosu doplňuje o výklad genetických a epigenetických mechanismů. Nechybí ani poznatky o průběhu a výsledcích psychoterapie transgeneračního přenosu či znalosti o dopadech uprchlictví, válek a genocid.

Martin Pospíchal 

Kniha se věnuje tématu psychiky člověka ve vztahu k onkologickým onemocněním. Vznikla jako úvod k důležité oblasti, která bude v ordinacích lékařů, sester, psychologů a dalších pomáhajících profesí čím dál častější. S tím, jak narůstá výskyt rakoviny v populaci, jak dokážeme čím dál většímu množství lidí účinně pomoci, logicky přibývá i těch, kteří budou otevírat související psychologická témata. Kniha se snaží uchopit psychické reakce člověka v souvislosti s příchodem onkologického onemocnění do jeho života. Neomezuje se jen na nemocného, ale všímá si také prožívání, myšlení a chování jeho blízkých i zdravotníků. Praxe ukazuje, že se v našich profesních i soukromých životech čím dál častěji potkáváme s lidmi, kteří si prošli nebo procházejí rakovinou. Ne všichni ale vědí, jak se v takové situaci chovat, co nemocný člověk prožívá a jak ho nejlépe podpořit.
Kniha je primárně určena všem, kteří se potkávají nebo budou potkávat s tématem nemoci v rámci svojí odborné nebo pomáhající praxe. Obsahuje řadu konkrétních doporučení, zkušeností a vědecky zakotvených metod, dokreslených na reálných případech z psychoonkologické praxe. Text může být v řadě oblastí užitečný i pro blízké onkologicky nemocných lidí, nebo ty, kteří se s tématem potkávají v osobním životě.

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Jana Nezkusilová - Margita Mesárošová (eds.)

Proceedings of Extended Abstracts from Interdisciplinary Scientific Conference

Conference proceedings comprise extended abstracts from contributions that were presented during the conference Negative consequences of performing helping professions II – Psychological, social and health aspects of performing helping professions, which was held on 12th of June 2019 in Košice.

The conference was organized as one of the outputs of the research project APVV 14-0921 Self-care as a factor of coping with the negative consequences of the practicizing the helping professions. Abstracts present either original research by the authors or summaries of the authors' findings in their long-term research activities focused on helping professions. One of the ambitions of the conference was to create a space for dialogue between academics and professionals working in helping professions. The interdisciplinary character of the conference has brought new ideas and perception of this issue, which has also been reflected in the rich response during the discussions. Professionals from field of psychology, social work, occupational medicine and behavioral medicine participated actively or passively in the conference.

Thus, the enriching aspect of the resulting proceedings is the interconnection of applied and theoretical studies related to wide range of helping professions.

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Jozef Bavoľár - Ján Ferjenčík - Pavol Kačmár

Učebnica pokročilých štatistických metód v behaviorálnych s sociálnych vedách je určená študentom týchto vied, ako aj tým, ktorí sa vo svojej výskumnej praxi stretávajú s riešením stredne náročných výskumných otázok, pre zvládnutie ktorých nie je postačujúca znalosť základných štatistických metód. Učebnica na nich stavia, jej jadro však tvoria štatistické metódy, ktoré sa sústredia najmä na zachytenie multivariačných vzťahov. V úvodnej kapitole sú uvedené základné princípy testovania nulových hypotéz ako základ uvádzaných metód, pričom sú zohľadňované najnovšie trendy zamerané na otvorenosť a replikovateľnosť výskumov. Každá z nasledujúcich kapitol je venovaná vybranej metóde, prípadne skupine metód. V úvodných kapitolách sú to lineárna a logistická regresia, na ktoré nadväzuje sledovanie mediačných a moderačných efektov. Druhý veľký celok tvoria metódy skupinového porovnávania, kde sú vysvetlené rôzne alternatívy analýzy rozptylu (jednovchodná, viacvchodná, pre nezávislé výbery, opakovaná, zmiešaná), ich neparametrické alternatívy, multivariačná analýza rozptylu a analýza kovariancie. V záverečných kapitolách sú najprv prezentované dve metódy zachytávajúce podobnosti či vzťahy medzi objektmi (zhluková analýza, faktorová analýza), následne sú uvádzané princípy modelovania štrukturálnymi rovnicami. V každej kapitole je po vysvetlení účelu metódy a jej základných princípov demonštrované jej použitie na konkrétnom príklade, ponúkané sú aj návody pre výpočet v troch štatistických programoch – SPSS, Jamovi a JASP. Snahou autorov je poskytnúť učebnicu, kde záujemcovia aj bez hlbšieho matematického základu budú schopní porozumieť prezentovaným štatistickým postupom, zvoliť si pre nich ten najvhodnejší, a následne ho aj použiť na svojich dátach.

E-book

Vladimír Lichner - Dušan Šlosár et al.

It is very difficult to refer to any act of extremism or action having extremist characteristics, or to exclude it unambiguously. The boundary between extremism and accepted, conformal behavior is very broad and vaguely worded. Each company tends to set certain criteria to determine what can be considered as unwanted, violent, radical or extreme, or what signs of such a manifestation do not have. Therefore, when comparing the individual countries of the European Union in this area, we come across a different definition of what is or is not considered to be radical or extremist. In essence, the level of tolerance to some of the manifestations and the setting of indicators for the evaluation of the proceedings as extremist.

The presented monograph aims to present the basic social contexts of extremism and radicalization in the form of their philosophical and theoretical backgrounds, influencing the factors, the basic directions. In the author's work, the authors focus on the target group of adolescents, which they consider to be one of the most endangered groups in society in terms of development of the radicalization process. At the conclusion of the monograph is also offered the criminal level of these phenomena, which is not unavoidable in terms of complex analysis.

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